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Sp.</h2> <p><div align="center"> JOCHEN GARTZ MAGIC &#77&#85&#83&#72&#82&#79&#79&#77&#83&#13&#10&#65&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#13&#10&#65 &#83&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99 Journey Across Cultures and Time The Case for Challenging Research and Value Systems * LIS PUBLICATIONS * LOS ANGELES, &#67&#65&#42&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#49 &#45 &#87&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114 Painting of Psilocybe semilanceata (Germany, 1927) TABLE OF CONTENT (With Active Links' Just Click On A Subject To Go To The &#80&#97&#103&#101&#41&#13&#10&#34&#87&#104&#111 &#87&#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#70&#105&#114&#115&#116 Magician?" - &#70&#111&#114&#101&#119&#111&#114&#100 &#98&#121 &#67&#104&#114&#105&#115&#116&#105&#97&#110 &#82&#97&#116&#115&#99&#104 &#55&#13&#10&#49&#46 Introduction 9 2. Reflections on &#116&#104&#101 &#72&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99 Study of Magic &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#49&#48&#13&#10&#51&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#67&#117&#114&#114&#101&#110&#116 State of Knowledge About &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#83&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#49&#52&#13&#10&#51&#46&#49 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 semilanceata: &#84&#104&#101 &#67&#108&#97&#115&#115&#105&#99 &#83&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#65&#109&#111&#110&#103 European Psychotropic Mushrooms 16 3.2 Psilocybe cyanescens: Potent Mushrooms Growing on Wood Debris 29 3.<br>3 Panaeolus subbalteatus: &#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#77&#121&#116&#104&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 the Panaeolus &#83&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#51&#55&#13&#10&#51&#46&#52 &#73&#110&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#97&#101&#114&#117&#103&#105&#110&#97&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#58 Fast-Spreading New Arrivals &#52&#52&#13&#10&#51&#46&#53 &#71&#121&#109&#110&#111&#112&#105&#108&#117&#115 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#117&#114&#97&#116&#117&#115&#58 &#77&#97&#103&#110&#105&#102&#105&#99&#101&#110&#116 Mushrooms &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97 &#53&#49&#13&#10&#51&#46&#54 Conocybe cyanopus: Tiny &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#102 &#82&#101&#109&#97&#114&#107&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#80&#111&#116&#101&#110&#99&#121 55 3.<br>7 Pluteus salicinus: A Little-known Wood-Inhabiting Species &#53&#56&#13&#10&#52&#46 &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#73&#100&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#58 &#84&#97&#120&#111&#110&#111&#109&#105&#99 Confusion and the Potential for Deadly &#77&#105&#115&#116&#97&#107&#101&#115 &#54&#49&#13&#10&#53&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#66&#108&#117&#105&#110&#103 Phenomenon &#97&#110&#100 &#77&#101&#116&#111&#108 &#84&#101&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103&#58 &#82&#101&#97&#108&#105&#116&#121 &#118&#115&#46 Wishful Thinking 63 6. Mushroom Cultivation: &#67&#108&#97&#115&#115&#105&#99 &#70&#105&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 Techniques 66 7.<br> Psychotropic Mushroom Species Around the World 77 7.1 Spotlight on &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#72&#97&#119&#97&#105&#105 &#55&#57&#13&#10&#55&#46&#50 &#77&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#105&#97 in Central &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97 &#56&#50&#13&#10&#55&#46&#51 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#39&#115 Mycoflora Attracts Attention 84 7.4 European Customs and Conventions 87 7.5 Japanese Experimentation 93 7.6 Intoxications and the Oldest Known &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#67&#117&#108&#116 &#105&#110 &#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97 &#57&#53&#13&#10&#55&#46&#55 Usage in &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104&#101&#97&#115&#116 &#65&#115&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 South &#80&#97&#99&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#73&#115&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115 &#57&#56&#13&#10&#56&#46 &#83&#111&#109&#101 Comments on &#69&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#77&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 the Category Phantastika 102 9. &#80&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#97&#112&#121 &#49&#48&#56&#13&#10&#49&#48&#46 &#79&#117&#116&#108&#111&#111&#107 &#49&#49&#52&#13&#10&#49&#49&#46 Bibliography 120 Index 129 Figure 2 - Psilocybe cubensis &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#51 &#45 Water color painting &#111&#102 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#98&#97&#108&#116&#101&#97&#116&#117&#115 &#40&#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#44 1927). Figure 4 - Fresh Panaeolus subbalteatus mushrooms. FOREWORD Nobody knows precisely when the first magic mushroom emerged from the shadows of prehistory &#116&#111 &#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#105&#103&#104&#116 of &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#46&#13&#10&#78&#111&#98&#111&#100&#121 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#115 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 first &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#119&#97&#115 &#101&#97&#116&#101&#110 &#98&#121 a human being.<br> Nobody knows just who &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 eater was. In seeking answers &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#113&#117&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#119&#101 can &#111&#110&#108&#121&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#117&#108&#97&#116&#101&#46 &#77&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#111&#98&#101&#115&#44 &#104&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#97&#114&#101 &#113&#117&#105&#99&#107 to voice their conviction &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#97 &#102&#111&#111&#108 would &#98&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#99&#107&#108&#101&#115&#115 &#101&#110&#111&#117&#103&#104 &#116&#111 &#119&#97&#110&#116 to attain a higher state of consciousness beyond the boundaries of everyday reality. &#65&#110&#100 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#97 &#102&#111&#111&#108 would attempt to do this &#98&#121 &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#111&#100&#100 little things that mysteriously thrive on decaying, humid soil, rotten wood &#97&#110&#100 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/psilocybesubaeruginosadosage.htm" title="Psilocybesubaeruginosadosage" alt="Psilocybesubaeruginosadosage" >Psilocybesubaeruginosadosage</a> &#109&#97&#108&#111&#100&#111&#114&#111&#117&#115 &#109&#111&#117&#110&#100&#115 &#111&#102 cow manure. Historically, &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#44 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101&#13&#10&#98&#101&#101&#110 &#102&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 and hated` since antiquity: magic mushrooms &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 &#116&#111 &#98&#101 made from poisons &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#104&#97&#100 &#100&#114&#105&#112&#112&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 serpents' fangs; they were considered to be unclean emissions of evil spirits; moreover, &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#97 &#107&#110 </div> <div align="right"> &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#102&#97&#109&#105&#108&#105&#97&#114&#105&#116&#121 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 in Europe that is &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121 &#100&#101&#114&#105&#118&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 usage of Psilocybes and related species, &#114&#97&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#97&#110&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#65&#109&#97&#110&#105&#116&#97 muscaria.<br> However, it &#105&#115&#13&#10&#101&#120&#116&#114&#101&#109&#101&#108&#121 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#105&#99&#117&#108&#116 &#116&#111 &#114&#101&#106&#101&#99&#116 or confirm this hypothesis, due &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#97&#99&#107 &#111&#102 conclusive data available &#102&#111&#114 &#97&#110&#97&#108&#121&#115&#105&#115 &#116&#111&#100&#97&#121&#46&#13&#10&#66&#119&#121&#100 &#69&#108&#108&#121&#108&#111&#110&#58 &#65 &#70&#101&#97&#115&#116 of Fairies in Celebration of the Spirit World Tales of ritualistic <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/ask.htm" title="Ask" alt="Ask" >Ask</a> mushroom usage &#104&#97&#118&#101&#13&#10&#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#119&#97&#121 &#105&#110&#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 realm of myths and legends. For instance, one legend describes &#97&#13&#10&#112&#101&#99&#117&#108&#105&#97&#114 &#112&#111&#105&#115&#111&#110&#111&#117&#115 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#105&#110 Wales (British Isles) with the strange name of Bwyd &#69&#108&#108&#121&#108&#111&#110&#44&#13&#10&#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#119&#97&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#97 delicacy &#98&#121 &#102&#97&#105&#114&#105&#101&#115 &#102&#101&#97&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#105&#110 &#99&#101&#108&#101&#98&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 of the spirit &#119&#111&#114&#108&#100&#46 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 <u> Gymnopilus Sp Identification</u> &#105&#115 &#116&#104&#101 most important psilocybincontaining mushroom in Europe and it thrives &#105&#110&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#71&#114&#101&#97&#116 &#66&#114&#105&#116&#97&#105&#110&#44 where the &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115&#13&#10&#97&#98&#117&#110&#100&#97&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#97&#108&#108 &#97&#99&#114&#111&#115&#115 the Welsh countryside during fall season. I would like to thank G. Samorini &#102&#111&#114&#13&#10&#112&#111&#105&#110&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#73&#110&#113&#117&#105&#115&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110 was unusually cruel and vicious in the Alpine valleys &#111&#102&#13&#10&#86&#97&#108&#99&#97&#109&#111&#110&#105&#99&#97&#44 &#86&#97&#108&#116&#114&#111&#109&#112&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#86&#97&#108&#116&#101&#108&#108&#105&#110&#97 (located in the provinces of Brescia and Sandrio in Northern Italy).<br> &#77&#97&#110&#121 &#98&#111&#111&#107&#115 &#99&#104&#114&#111&#110&#105&#99&#108&#101 &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#108&#101&#115&#115&#13&#10&#119&#105&#116&#99&#104 burnings in that &#114&#101&#103&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#13&#10&#101&#109&#112&#104&#97&#115&#105&#115 &#111&#110 the witches' &#109&#101&#101&#116&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#77&#111&#110&#116&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#108 Tonale", located at &#97&#110 &#97&#108&#116&#105&#116&#117&#100&#101 &#111&#102 &#50&#48&#48&#48 m (ca.<br> 6,000 ft). &#70&#105&#101&#108&#100 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 &#104&#97&#115 &#115&#104&#111&#119&#110 that plants of the &#110&#105&#103&#104&#116&#115&#104&#97&#100&#101 &#102&#97&#109&#105&#108&#121 &#40&#34&#119&#105&#116&#99&#104&#105&#110&#103 &#104&#101&#114&#98&#115&#34&#41 &#100&#111 &#110&#111&#116&#13&#10&#103&#114&#111&#119 at this &#97&#108&#116&#105&#116&#117&#100&#101&#59 &#101&#118&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#108&#121 &#97&#103&#97&#114&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#105&#115 &#114&#97&#114&#101&#108&#121 found there. By contrast, pastures in the area abound with Psilocybe semilanceata &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#102&#97&#108&#108&#46 &#71&#105&#118&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 historical context, it &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100&#13&#10&#115&#101&#101&#109 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 played an important role as a psychotropic agent in the region &#40&#115&#101&#101 &#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#53&#56&#44&#13&#10&#67&#104&#97&#112&#116&#101&#114 &#55&#46&#52&#41&#46&#13&#10&#73&#110 &#108&#105&#103&#104&#116 of medieval accounts describing the practice of witchcraft, it &#105&#115 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#101&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#110&#111&#116&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 a subjective sensation &#111&#102 &#102&#108&#121&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#114 &#108&#101&#118&#105&#116&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 is among the &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110&#108&#121 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#105&#110&#116&#111&#120&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#66&#101&#114&#115&#101&#114&#107 Rage of Nordic Warriors In the course &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#100&#101&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#112&#111&#119&#101&#114&#13&#10&#115&#116&#114&#117&#103&#103&#108&#101 between Christianity and the remnants of pagan religions that worshipped Nature, many sources &#111&#102 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#108&#111&#115&#116&#46 The aggressive repression &#97&#110&#100 &#101&#114&#97&#100&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#112&#114&#101&#45&#67&#104&#114&#105&#115&#116&#105&#97&#110&#13&#10&#99&#117&#115&#116&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#108&#108 but destroyed the continuity of Europe's original cultural heritage, along &#119&#105&#116&#104&#13&#10&#109&#117&#99&#104 &#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#105&#99 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#100&#111&#99&#117&#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#110&#103 early cultural practices, including the usage of &#112&#108&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#102&#111&#114 &#116&#104&#101 purpose of temporary alterations of consciousness. Some authors <i> Gymnopilus Sp Identification</i> went so far &#97&#115 &#116&#111 &#98&#108&#97&#109&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#102&#108&#121 agaric mushroom &#102&#111&#114 &#112&#114&#111&#118&#101&#114&#98&#105&#97&#108 &#102&#105&#116&#115 &#111&#102 "berserk rage" attributed to Nordic warriors. Many accounts detailing &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#112&#104&#101&#110&#111&#109&#101&#110&#111&#110 &#97&#108&#108&#117&#100&#101 &#116&#111 a "deception of the eyes" (i.e. visual hallucinations).<br> After the Nordic &#108&#101&#103&#97&#108 &#115&#121&#115&#116&#101&#109 &#98&#97&#110&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 practice of "going berserk", &#105&#116 &#100&#105&#115&#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#113&#117&#105&#116&#101 &#115&#117&#100&#100&#101&#110&#108&#121&#13&#10&#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#49&#50&#116&#104 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#117&#114&#121&#46 At &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#97&#109&#101 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44&#13&#10&#83&#97&#120&#111 &#71&#114&#97&#109&#109&#97&#116&#105&#99&#117&#115 speculated &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#66&#101&#114&#115&#101&#114&#107&#101&#114&#115&#13&#10&#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 used mag </div> <br /><br /> <img border="3" src="/images/Magic-Mushrooms-Australian.jpg" alt=" Gymnopilus Sp Identification"> <p align="right"> &#46 &#70&#111&#114&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#114&#101&#97&#115&#111&#110&#44 freeze-dried samples for biochemical analysis are &#115&#116&#111&#114&#101&#100 &#97&#116 &#45&#49&#48&#176&#67 &#112&#114&#105&#111&#114 &#116&#111 alkaloid extractions or chromatography testing. In addition to the reports from Finland, investigators in North America have noted <b> Gymnopilus Sp Identification</b> that psilocybin's decay rate is slowest &#105&#110 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#44 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#101&#100 to other species. (1) &#82 &#61 &#72&#50&#80&#48&#51&#13&#10&#40&#50&#41 &#82 = H Figure 19 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/identifyingpsilocybeweilii.htm" title="Identifyingpsilocybeweilii" alt="Identifyingpsilocybeweilii" >Identifyingpsilocybeweilii</a> - &#83&#116&#114&#117&#99&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#117&#108&#97&#115 &#102&#111&#114&#13&#10&#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#40&#49&#41 and psilocin (2). CH3 CH3 Psilocybe semilanceata Figure 20 - Distribution pattern of Psilocybe &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#105&#110 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121 &#97&#110&#100 adjacent areas.<br> Locations are indicated by black dots. CHAPTER &#51&#46&#50&#13&#10&#80&#83&#73&#76&#79&#67&#89&#66&#69 &#67&#89&#65&#78&#69&#83&#67&#69&#78&#83 &#45 &#80&#79&#84&#69&#78&#84 MUSHROOMS GROWING ON WOOD DEBRIS At least one other &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/ShroomsinRomania.htm" title="Shroomsinromania" alt="Shroomsinromania" >Shroomsinromania</a> &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#97&#100&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#111 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 semilanceata &#105&#115 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#101&#120&#105&#115&#116 &#105&#110 Europe. At this point, Gymnopilus sp identification &#73 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#101&#109&#112&#104&#97&#115&#105&#122&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 differentiation of single species within the &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#105&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116 to considerable controversy among eminent taxonomists. For example, there &#97&#114&#101 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116 <H3> Gymnopilus Sp Identification</H3> &#109&#101&#116&#104&#111&#100&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103&#117&#105&#115&#104&#105&#110&#103 the &#72&#121&#112&#104&#111&#108&#111&#109&#97 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#83&#116&#114&#111&#112&#104&#97&#114&#105&#97 genus. The &#87&#105&#100&#101&#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#68&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#13&#10&#87&#104&#105&#108&#101 Psilocybe semilanceata is a species that has long been clearly defined and is well known by this name, there &#97&#114&#101&#44 &#97&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#75&#114&#105&#101&#103&#108&#115&#116&#101&#105&#110&#101&#114&#44 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 strongly bluing mushrooms that can be described as belonging to the "Psilocybe cyanescens &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#120&#34&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#97&#108&#108&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 that grow on raw compost and plant debris.<br> In accordance &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#99&#117&#114&#114&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101&#44 the following names &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#109&#101&#114&#101&#108&#121 synonyms for Psilocybe cyanescens Wakefield emend. Krieglsteiner: different &#104&#101&#114&#98&#97&#114&#105&#117&#109&#115&#46 &#72&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#105&#99&#114&#111&#115&#99&#111&#112&#105&#99&#13&#10&#100&#97&#116&#97 pertaining to &#116&#104&#101 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#112&#111&#111&#114&#108&#121&#13&#10&#100&#101&#108&#105&#110&#101&#97&#116&#101&#100 and oftentimes overlap.<br> It is therefore imperative that additional mycological studies of Psilocybe cyanescens be performed. To this end, fresh mushroom samples &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110&#13&#10&#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#115&#104&#111&#117&#108&#100 be used, and biochemical methods must &#98&#101 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 investigation. Guzman's division of Psilocybe cyanescens by geographic area, however, &#100&#101&#102&#105&#110&#105&#116&#101&#108&#121 &#116&#117&#114&#110&#101&#100 &#111&#117&#116 &#116&#111 be inaccurate. According to his system, -North Africa was home to Psilocybe mairei, while Psilocybe cyanescens were &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#97&#110&#100 &#97&#110&#100 Holland and Psilocybe serbica supposedly grew in Serbia and Bohemia. The geographic distribution of the entire species seems to cover a vast area, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#99&#108&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101 &#97&#110&#100 terrain at &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#115&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#115&#13&#10&#119&#101&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#108&#108&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100&#46 Such disparate morphologies are to be expected &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#100&#101&#97&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#34&#121&#111&#117&#110&#103&#34 species, that is, species that have not &#121&#101&#116 &#102&#105&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#101&#115&#116&#97&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#109&#115&#101&#108&#118&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 are still expanding into new locations.<br> Figure &#55 &#40&#112&#46 &#49&#52&#41 &#100&#105&#115&#112&#108&#97&#121&#115 locations in Europe and North Africa where samples of Psilocybe cyanescens have been found. - Hypholoma &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#82&#46 &#77&#97&#105&#114&#101&#13&#10&#45 &#72&#121&#112&#104&#111&#108&#111&#109&#97 coprinifacies (Rolland ss. Herink) Pouzar - Geophila cyanescens &#40&#82&#46 &#77&#97&#105&#114&#101&#41 &#75&#117&#104&#110&#101&#114 &#38&#13&#10&#82&#111&#109&#97&#103&#110&#101&#115&#105&#13&#10&#45 Psilocybe serbica Moser &#38 &#72&#111&#114&#97&#107&#13&#10&#45 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#109&#97&#105&#114&#101&#105 Singer - Psilocyb </p> Dosages for Psilocybe australiana Guzmán & <u> magic mushroom potency chart</u> <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/how-to-make-halucinogene-substance.htm" title="How Halucinogene To To Make" alt="How Halucinogene To To Make" >How Halucinogene To To Make</a> Watling, Psilocybe eucalypta Guzmán <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/grow-in-berlin.htm" title="Grow In Berlin" alt="Grow In Berlin" >Grow In Berlin</a> & <br /> </p> <h2> psilocybe cubensis distribution map texas</h2> <p> <div align="left"> &#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#119&#104&#111 &#103&#111&#114&#103&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#109&#115&#101&#108&#118&#101&#115 on our tax dollars. I met Jochen Gartz shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall at the third symposium of the European College for the Study of Consciousness (ECSC) &#105&#110 &#70&#114&#101&#105&#98&#117&#114&#103&#44 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#46 &#79&#117&#114 encounter was my &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#99&#116 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 researcher from the former East Germany. Jochen Gartz's enthusiastic lecture was a truly &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#101&#120&#112&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#101&#118&#101&#110&#116&#44 &#104&#105&#115&#13&#10&#119&#111&#114&#100&#115 &#98&#114&#101&#97&#107&#105&#110&#103 down traditional borders and crossing over into &#110&#101&#119 &#116&#101&#114&#114&#105&#116&#111&#114&#121&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 spoke through him - with no trace of dogma or &#105&#100&#101&#111&#108&#111&#103&#121 &#45 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#116&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110 of true anarchy that &#105&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#109&#97&#114&#107 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 magic. What I heard was unbelievable. Jochen spoke of a "new" &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#101&#100&#101&#108&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#105&#116&#115 &#109&#105&#103&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 The mycelia &#104&#97&#100 &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#99&#101&#110&#116&#114&#105&#99 &#99&#105&#114&#99&#108&#101&#115 outward from Leipzig, jumping all political &#98&#111&#114&#100&#101&#114&#115&#46 &#70&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 mycelia reached West German soil, the hated Berlin Wall crumbled.<br> Could there possibly be a connection between the evolution of the magic mushroom and the evolution &#111&#102 &#111&#117&#114 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#63 &#67&#111&#117&#108&#100 a mushroom have contributed &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#114&#101&#115&#111&#108&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#111&#117&#114 political conflicts? In the past, politicians, even popes, had their own &#106&#101&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110&#115&#44 &#119&#104&#111 &#102&#117&#110&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 as pressure release valves in the &#109&#97&#99&#104&#105&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#112&#111&#108&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#112&#111&#119&#101&#114 &#115&#116&#114&#117&#103&#103&#108&#101&#115&#46 It is obvious that a country whose chancellor is &#98&#101&#105&#110&#103 &#112&#101&#108&#116&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104&#13&#10&#101&#103&#103&#115&#44 &#117&#114&#103&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 needs a new breed of magician who are able to readjust reality.<br> But today, no &#97&#115&#112&#105&#114&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110 &#115&#104&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#103&#111 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#105&#115 task without this book as a guide for the wondrous journey into the realm &#111&#102 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#46&#13&#10&#67&#104&#114&#105&#115&#116&#105&#97&#110 &#82&#100&#116&#115&#99&#104&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 5 &#45 &#34&#65&#110&#116&#104&#114&#111&#112&#111&#109&#111&#114&#112&#104&#105&#99 &#66&#101&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#69&#110&#103&#97&#103&#101&#100 in Mushroom Dance" 10,000-year-old rock drawing in Tassili, Sahara (Algeria) CHAPTER &#49&#13&#10&#73 &#66&#69&#76&#73&#69&#86&#69 &#84&#72&#69 &#84&#73&#77&#69 HAS COME FOR A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW &#79&#70 &#78&#69&#87&#13&#10&#70&#73&#78&#68&#73&#78&#71&#83 &#70&#82&#79&#77 &#84&#72&#69 FIELDS OF MYCOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY When R.G. &#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110&#44 &#82&#46 &#72&#101&#105&#109 &#97&#110&#100 A. Hofmann &#98&#101&#103&#97&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#100&#105&#115&#99&#105&#112&#108&#105&#110&#97&#114&#121 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#13&#10&#112&#114&#111&#103&#114&#97&#109 to study &#116&#104&#101 &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#110&#100 their usage in Mexican mushroom cults, their &#101&#102&#102&#111&#114&#116&#115 &#99&#117&#108&#109&#105&#110&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#97&#13&#10&#49&#57&#53&#56 landmark report that described the isolation, molecular structure and synthesis of &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#39 &#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110&#103&#114&#101&#100&#105&#101&#110&#116&#115&#58 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#105&#110&#46 Several years later, these &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115&#13&#10&#119&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#108&#115&#111 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/magic-mushrooms-kansas-white-gills.htm" title="Magic Mushrooms Kansas White Gills" alt="Magic Mushrooms Kansas White Gills" >Magic Mushrooms Kansas White Gills</a> &#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#101&#100 &#105&#110 a species &#111&#102 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#44 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 semilanceata, which became the first in a series of newly discovered species. &#83&#105&#110&#99&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#110&#44 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 genera have been reported with increasing &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#99&#121&#46&#13&#10&#65&#115 &#112&#97&#114&#116 &#111&#102 &#109&#121 &#97&#110&#97&#108&#121&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 work dedicated to the identification of &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114&#114&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108&#115&#44 &#73 &#104&#97&#100 the good fortune to be part &#111&#102 &#97&#13&#10&#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 &#116&#101&#97&#109 &#116&#104&#97&#116 studied alkaloids found in a variety of mushroom species.<br> Now I &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#116&#105&#109&#101 &#104&#97&#115 &#99&#111&#109&#101 for &#97 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#114&#101&#104&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101 &#114&#101&#118&#105&#101&#119 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#110&#101&#119 findings from the &#102&#105&#101&#108&#100&#115 &#111&#102 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#121&#44&#13&#10&#116&#97&#120&#111&#110&#111&#109&#121 &#97&#110&#100 natural products chemistry. Wasson and his successors have already provided detailed accounts &#112&#101&#114&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#121 and study of the Me </div> INTRODUCTION Mind-altering (psilocybine containing) mushrooms have been traditionally used in religious healing and curing ceremonies by native &#112&#101&#111&#112&#108&#101&#115 &#105&#110 &#77&#101&#115&#111&#97&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97 &#102&#111&#114 more than 3,000 years. &#84&#111&#100&#97&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#117&#115&#101 of hallucinogenic fungi by Westerners is widespread, especially in various regions of the United &#83&#116&#97&#116&#101&#115&#44 &#67&#97&#110&#97&#100&#97&#44 &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#44 &#67&#97&#114&#105&#98&#98&#101&#97&#110&#44 Great Britain, Europe (especially in the Netherlands), Scandinavia, South America, Southeast Asia, India, Bali, &#83&#97&#109&#111&#97&#59 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 Zealand. The modern, non-traditional &#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#115&#116&#105&#109&#117&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100&#44 &#98&#121 media reports in newspapers, magazines, word-of-mouth communication, the World Wide &#87&#101&#98 &#97&#110&#100 &#73&#110&#116&#101&#114&#110&#101&#116&#44 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/sporecopelandiahawaii.htm" title="Sporecopelandiahawaii" alt="Sporecopelandiahawaii" >Sporecopelandiahawaii</a> &#97&#110&#100 also by the scholarly and popular journal publications of the renown ethnomycologist R. Gordon Wasson, (Harvard psychologist Timothy Leary, traveler Jeremy &#83&#97&#110&#102&#111&#114&#100&#44 &#104&#101&#97&#108&#116&#104 &#103&#117&#114&#117 &#65&#110&#100&#114&#101&#119 Weil, &#97&#110&#100 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#115 &#40&#115&#101&#101 &#65&#108&#108&#101&#110 , Merlin &Jansen, &#49&#57&#57&#49&#41&#46&#84&#104&#105&#115 &#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 &#114&#101&#118&#105&#101&#119&#115 &#116&#104&#101 history &#111&#102 &#98&#111&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#99&#99&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#97&#108 and purposeful use &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#105&#110 Australia and New Zealand. &#73&#110&#102&#111&#114&#109&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 has been gathered from personal experiences in Australia &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#117&#116&#104&#111&#114 &#97&#110&#100 from reports &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#44 news items appearing in the popular press, and &#112&#101&#114&#115&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#117&#110&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 and New Zealand (NZ) professionals &#40&#85&#110&#115&#105&#103&#110&#101&#100 &#49&#57&#55&#48&#59 &#79&#39&#78&#101&#105&#108&#108&#44 &#49&#57&#56&#54&#41&#46 CATTLE AS &#65 &#80&#79&#83&#83&#73&#66&#76&#69 &#68&#73&#83&#80&#69&#82&#83&#65&#76 &#77&#69&#67&#72&#65&#78&#73&#83&#77 FOR &#80&#83&#89&#67&#72&#79&#65&#67&#84&#73&#86&#69 &#68&#85&#78&#71 &#70&#85&#78&#71&#73&#13&#10&#79&#110&#101 &#109&#97&#121 ask the question, "how &#100&#105&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 in Australia and New Zealand?" Well some species may be endemic,that is, they were &#97&#108&#114&#101&#97&#100&#121 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121&#46 &#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#104 as the above described dung-inhabiting mushrooms &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 cattle &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116&#46&#84&#104&#101 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 livestock to arrive in Australia were brought from the Cape &#111&#102 &#71&#111&#111&#100 &#72&#111&#112&#101 &#105&#110&#49&#55&#56&#56&#44 and &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#50 &#98&#117&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#110&#100 5 cows, along with other domesticated farm animals. Byl803, the &#103&#111&#118&#101&#114&#110&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#111&#119&#110&#101&#100 &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#120&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121 &#49&#56&#48&#48 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101&#44 &#109&#111&#115&#116 of <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/mushroom-kits.htm" title="Mushroom Kits" alt="Mushroom Kits" >Mushroom Kits</a> which were &#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100&#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#112&#101&#44 &#67&#97&#108&#99&#117&#116&#116&#97&#44 &#97&#110&#100 the west coast &#111&#102 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#46 &#73&#116 &#119&#97&#115 during this period thatsome of the visionary &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 probably first appeared inAustralia (Unsigned, 1973). According to &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#74&#111&#104&#110 &#66&#117&#114&#116&#111&#110 Cleland(1934), "fungi &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#119 &#111&#114 horse-dung and confined to such habitats, must in &#116&#104&#101&#99&#97&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#44 &#97&#108&#108 belong to introduced species". It is believed to have been the SouthAfrican dung beetle which may have actually &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 to Englishmycologist Roy Watling of the Royal &#66&#111&#116&#97&#110&#105&#99 &#71&#97&#114&#100&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#71&#108&#97&#115&#103&#111&#119&#44 Scotland, "it must beremembered that fungi can change substrate preferences &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#112&#114&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#111&#117&#115&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 on kangaroo droppings etc." Some mycologists who have studied &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 and NZ claim that the "use of &#80&#46 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#97&#115 &#97 recreational drugtends to confirm the belief &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#91&#115&#111&#109&#101&#93 &#102&#97&#114&#109&#101&#114&#115 &#105&#110 early times may have] added one or two basidiomes gilled mushrooms] to a &#109&#101&#97&#108&#116&#111 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#110 &#105&#116 &#117&#112 and &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 &#100&#111&#93 &#77&#97&#114&#103&#111&#116 &#38&#97&#109&#112&#59 Watling, 1981)." CATTLE AS A &#80&#79&#83&#83&#73&#66&#76&#69 &#68&#73&#83&#80&#69&#82&#83&#65&#76 &#77&#69&#67&#72&#65&#78&#73&#83&#77 &#70&#79&#82 &#80&#83&#89&#67&#72&#79&#65&#67&#84&#73&#86&#69 DUNG &#70&#85&#78&#71&#73&#13&#10&#79&#110&#101 &#109&#97&#121 &#97&#115&#107 &#116&#104&#101 question, &#34&#104&#111&#119 &#100&#105&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 arrive in Australia &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#63&#34 &#87&#101&#108&#108 some species may be endemic,that is, they were &#97&#108&#114&#101&#97&#100&#121 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121&#46 &#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 species such as the above described dung-inhabiting mushrooms most likelyappeared after &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 on the subcontinent.The first livestock &#116&#111 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 were brought from the Cape of Good Hope in1788, and included 2 &#98&#117&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#53 &#99&#111&#119&#115&#44 along with other &#100&#111&#109&#101&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#97&#114&#109 &#97&#110&#105&#109&#97&#108&#115&#46 &#66&#121&#108&#56&#48&#51&#44 &#116&#104&#101 government owned approximately 1800 cattle, most of which were importedfrom the &#67&#97&#112&#101&#44 &#67&#97&#108&#99&#117&#116&#116&#97&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 west coast of America. It &#119&#97&#115 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#112&#101&#114&#105&#111&#100 thatsome of the visionary mushrooms &#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 guide probably first appeared &#105&#110&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#40&#85&#110&#115&#105&#103&#110&#101&#100&#44 &#49&#57&#55&#51&#41&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 to &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#74&#111&#104&#110 &#66&#117&#114&#116&#111&#110 Cleland(1934), "fungi growing in cow or horse-dung and confined to &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115&#44 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#110 thecase &#111&#102 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#44 &#97&#108&#108 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103 to &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#34&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101&#100 to have been the SouthAfrican dung beetle which may have actually &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 Englishmycologist Roy Watling of &#116&#104&#101 &#82&#111&#121&#97&#108 &#66&#111&#116&#97&#110&#105&#99 &#71&#97&#114&#100&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 Glasgow, Scotland, "it must beremembered that fungi can change substrate preferences and &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#112&#114&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#111&#117&#115&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#111&#110 kangaroo droppings &#101&#116&#99&#46&#34 &#83&#111&#109&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#119&#104&#111 have studied the "magicmushrooms" &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#90 claim that the "use of &#80&#46 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#97&#115 &#97 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 drugtends to confirm the belief <u> ask</u> that some] farmers in early times may &#104&#97&#118&#101&#93 &#97&#100&#100&#101&#100 &#111&#110&#101 &#111&#114 two &#98&#97&#115&#105&#100&#105&#111&#109&#101&#115 &#103&#105&#108&#108&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#93 &#116&#111 a mealto liven it &#117&#112 &#97&#110&#100 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 &#100&#111&#93 Margot & Watling, &#49&#57&#56&#49&#41&#46&#34&#13&#10&#13&#10&#67&#65&#84&#84&#76&#69 &#65&#83 &#65 &#80&#79&#83&#83&#73&#66&#76&#69 DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE DUNG FUNGI One may ask the question, &#34&#104&#111&#119 &#100&#105&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 arrive in Australia and New Zealand?" Well some species may be endemic,that is, they &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#108&#114&#101&#97&#100&#121 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121&#46 Other &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 above described &#100&#117&#110&#103&#45&#105&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 after the introduction of &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116&#46&#84&#104&#101 first livestock &#116&#111 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#119&#101&#114&#101 brought from the Cape of &#71&#111&#111&#100 &#72&#111&#112&#101 &#105&#110&#49&#55&#56&#56&#44 &#97&#110&#100 included 2 bulls &#97&#110&#100 &#53 &#99&#111&#119&#115&#44 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 with other domesticated &#102&#97&#114&#109 &#97&#110&#105&#109&#97&#108&#115&#46 &#66&#121&#108&#56&#48&#51&#44 &#116&#104&#101 government &#111&#119&#110&#101&#100 &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#120&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121 &#49&#56&#48&#48 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101&#44 most of which were &#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100&#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#112&#101&#44 &#67&#97&#108&#99&#117&#116&#116&#97&#44 &#97&#110&#100 the west &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#46 &#73&#116 &#119&#97&#115 during this period thatsome of &#116&#104&#101 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 &#105&#110 this &#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#98&#97&#98&#108&#121 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 appeared inAustralia (Unsigned, 1973). According &#116&#111 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#74&#111&#104&#110 &#66&#117&#114&#116&#111&#110 Cleland(1934), "fungi growing in cow or horse-dung and confined to such habitats, must in thecase of &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#44 &#97&#108&#108 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#111 introduced species". It is believed to have been &#116&#104&#101 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104&#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#98&#101&#101&#116&#108&#101 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 may have actually spread the spores. According to Englishmycologist &#82&#111&#121 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 Royal &#66&#111&#116&#97&#110&#105&#99 &#71&#97&#114&#100&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#71&#108&#97&#115&#103&#111&#119&#44 Scotland, "it must beremembered that fungi can change substrate preferences and there are coprophilousfungi on kangaroo droppings etc." Some &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#119&#104&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 the "magicmushrooms" in Australia and NZ claim &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#80&#46 cubensis as a recreational drugtends to confirm <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/psilocybesemilanceataplantcommunity.htm" title="Psilocybesemilanceataplantcommunity" alt="Psilocybesemilanceataplantcommunity" >Psilocybesemilanceataplantcommunity</a> &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#91&#115&#111&#109&#101 farmers in &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 &#91&#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#100&#100&#101&#100 one or two basidiomes gilled mushrooms to a mealto &#108&#105&#118&#101&#110 &#105&#116 &#117&#112 &#91&#97&#110&#100 still do Margot & Watling, 1981)." CATTLE AS A &#80&#79&#83&#83&#73&#66&#76&#69 &#68&#73&#83&#80&#69&#82&#83&#65&#76 &#77&#69&#67&#72&#65&#78&#73&#83&#77 &#70&#79&#82 PSYCHOACTIVE DUNG FUNGI One may ask the question, "how &#100&#105&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 in Australia and New Zealand?" Well some &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#109&#97&#121 &#98&#101 &#101&#110&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#44&#116&#104&#97&#116 is, they were already there naturally. &#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 above described &#100&#117&#110&#103&#45&#105&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 after the introduction of cattle on the subcontinent.The <H2> ask</H2> first livestock to arrive in Australia &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 Cape of Good &#72&#111&#112&#101 &#105&#110&#49&#55&#56&#56&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 2 bulls and 5 cows, along with other domesticated &#102&#97&#114&#109 &#97&#110&#105&#109&#97&#108&#115&#46 &#66&#121&#108&#56&#48&#51&#44 &#116&#104&#101 government owned &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#120&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121 &#49&#56&#48&#48 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101&#44 &#109&#111&#115&#116 of which &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100&#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#112&#101&#44 Calcutta, and the west coast of &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#46 &#73&#116 &#119&#97&#115 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 this period thatsome of the visionary mushrooms mentioned in &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#98&#97&#98&#108&#121 first appeared inAustralia (Unsigned, 1973). &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 John Burton &#67&#108&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#40&#49&#57&#51&#52&#41&#44 &#34&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110 cow or horse-dung and confined to such habitats, &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#99&#97&#115&#101 &#111&#102 Australia, &#97&#108&#108 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 species". It is believed to have &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104&#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 beetle &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#99&#116&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 the spores.<br> According to Englishmycologist Roy Watling of the Royal Botanic Gardens in &#71&#108&#97&#115&#103&#111&#119&#44 &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#34&#105&#116 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#98&#101&#114&#101&#109&#101&#109&#98&#101&#114&#101&#100 that fungi can change substrate preferences and there are coprophilousfungi on kangaroo droppings etc." Some mycologists &#119&#104&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 "magicmushrooms" &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#90 claim that the "use of P. &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#97&#115 &#97 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 drugtends to confirm the belief that some farmers &#105&#110 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 &#109&#97&#121 have added &#111&#110&#101 &#111&#114 &#116&#119&#111 &#98&#97&#115&#105&#100&#105&#111&#109&#101&#115 gilled mushrooms &#116&#111 &#97 &#109&#101&#97&#108&#116&#111 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#110 it up and still do &#77&#97&#114&#103&#111&#116 &#38&#97&#109&#112&#59 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#49&#57&#56&#49&#41&#46&#34&#13&#10 . For that reason, freeze-dried samples for biochemical analysis are stored at -10°C prior to alkaloid extractions or chromatography testing. In addition to the reports from Finland, investigators in North America have noted that psilocybin's decay rate is slowest in Psilocybe semilanceata, compared to other species. (1) R = H2P03 (2) R = H Figure 19 - Structural formulas for psilocybin (1) and psilocin (2). CH3 CH3 Psilocybe semilanceata Figure 20 - Distribution pattern of Psilocybe semilanceata in Germany and adjacent areas. Locations are indicated by black dots. CHAPTER 3.2 PSILOCYBE CYANESCENS - POTENT MUSHROOMS GROWING ON WOOD DEBRIS At least one other Psilocybe species in addition to Psilocybe semilanceata is known to exist in Europe. At this point, I must emphasize that the differentiation of single species within the Psilocybe genus is subject to considerable controversy among eminent taxonomists. For example, there are different methods of distinguishing the Hypholoma genus from the Stropharia genus. The Widespread Distribution of Psilocybe cyanescens While Psilocybe semilanceata is a species that has long been clearly defined and is well known by this name, there are, according to Krieglsteiner, other strongly bluing mushrooms that can be described as belonging to the "Psilocybe cyanescens complex". These are all mushrooms that grow on raw compost and plant debris. In accordance with current states of knowledge, the following names in the literature are merely synonyms for Psilocybe cyanescens Wakefield emend. Krieglsteiner: different herbariums. However, the microscopic data pertaining to the Psilocybe species are poorly delineated and oftentimes overlap. It is therefore imperative that additional mycological studies of Psilocybe cyanescens be performed. To this end, fresh mushroom samples from various European locations should be used, and biochemical methods must be included in the investigation. Guzman's division of Psilocybe cyanescens by geographic area, however, definitely turned out to be inaccurate. According to his system, -North Africa was home to Psilocybe mairei, while Psilocybe cyanescens were found in England and Holland and Psilocybe serbica supposedly grew in Serbia and Bohemia. The geographic distribution of the entire species seems to cover a vast area, with variations along climate and terrain at locations where samples were collected. Such disparate morphologies are to be expected when dealing with "young" species, that is, species that have not yet firmly established themselves and are still expanding into new locations. Figure 7 (p. 14) displays locations in Europe and North Africa where samples of Psilocybe cyanescens have been found. - Hypholoma cyanescens R. Maire - Hypholoma coprinifacies (Rolland ss. Herink) Pouzar - Geophila cyanescens (R. Maire) Kuhner & Romagnesi - Psilocybe serbica Moser & Horak - Psilocybe mairei Singer - Psilocyb <div align="right"> &#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#119&#104&#111 &#103&#111&#114&#103&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#109&#115&#101&#108&#118&#101&#115 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/PsilocybePelliculosawxperiences.htm" title="Psilocybepelliculosawxperiences" alt="Psilocybepelliculosawxperiences" >Psilocybepelliculosawxperiences</a> on our tax &#100&#111&#108&#108&#97&#114&#115&#46&#13&#10&#73 &#109&#101&#116 &#74&#111&#99&#104&#101&#110 &#71&#97&#114&#116&#122 shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall at the third symposium of the European College for the Study of &#67&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#13&#10&#40&#69&#67&#83&#67&#41 &#105&#110 &#70&#114&#101&#105&#98&#117&#114&#103&#44 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#46 Our encounter was my first &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#99&#116 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#101&#114 from the &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#114&#13&#10&#69&#97&#115&#116 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#46 &#74&#111&#99&#104&#101&#110 &#71&#97&#114&#116&#122&#39&#115 enthusiastic lecture was a truly consciousnessexpanding event, &#104&#105&#115&#13&#10&#119&#111&#114&#100&#115 &#98&#114&#101&#97&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#100&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#98&#111&#114&#100&#101&#114&#115 and crossing over into new territory. &#84&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#115&#112&#111&#107&#101 &#116&#104&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104 him - with no trace of dogma or ideology - in the &#116&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#116&#114&#117&#101 &#97&#110&#97&#114&#99&#104&#121 that is the hallmark of mushroom magic. What &#73 &#104&#101&#97&#114&#100 &#119&#97&#115 &#117&#110&#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#97&#98&#108&#101&#46&#13&#10&#74&#111&#99&#104&#101&#110 spoke of a "new" &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#101&#100&#101&#108&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#105&#116&#115 &#109&#105&#103&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#84&#104&#101 mycelia had spread in concentric circles outward from Leipzig, jumping all political borders. Finally, when the mycelia reached West German soil, the hated &#66&#101&#114&#108&#105&#110 &#87&#97&#108&#108&#13&#10&#99&#114&#117&#109&#98&#108&#101&#100&#46 &#67&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 possibly be a connection between the evolution of the magic mushroom and the evolution of our consciousness? Could a mushroom have contributed to &#116&#104&#101 &#114&#101&#115&#111&#108&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#111&#117&#114 &#112&#111&#108&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 conflicts? In the past, politicians, even popes, had their &#111&#119&#110 &#106&#101&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110&#115&#44 who functioned as pressure release valves in &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#99&#104&#105&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#112&#111&#108&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#112&#111&#119&#101&#114 &#115&#116&#114&#117&#103&#103&#108&#101&#115&#46 It &#105&#115 &#111&#98&#118&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#97&#13&#10&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#121 whose chancellor is being pelted with eggs, urgently needs a new breed of magician who are &#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#111 &#114&#101&#97&#100&#106&#117&#115&#116 &#114&#101&#97&#108&#105&#116&#121&#46 But today, no aspiring magician &#115&#104&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#103&#111 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#105&#115 task without this book as a guide for the wondrous journey into the realm of magic &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#46&#13&#10&#67&#104&#114&#105&#115&#116&#105&#97&#110 &#82&#100&#116&#115&#99&#104&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#53 &#45 "Anthropomorphic Beings Engaged in Mushroom Dance" 10,000-year-old rock drawing in Tassili, Sahara &#40&#65&#108&#103&#101&#114&#105&#97&#41&#13&#10&#67&#72&#65&#80&#84&#69&#82 &#49&#13&#10&#73 &#66&#69&#76&#73&#69&#86&#69 &#84&#72&#69 TIME HAS COME FOR &#65 &#67&#79&#77&#80&#82&#69&#72&#69&#78&#83&#73&#86&#69 &#82&#69&#86&#73&#69&#87 &#79&#70 NEW FINDINGS FROM THE FIELDS OF &#77&#89&#67&#79&#76&#79&#71&#89&#44 &#84&#65&#88&#79&#78&#79&#77&#89 &#65&#78&#68 &#78&#65&#84&#85&#82&#65&#76&#13&#10&#80&#82&#79&#68&#85&#67&#84&#83 CHEMISTRY When R.G. Wasson, R. &#72&#101&#105&#109 &#97&#110&#100 &#65&#46&#13&#10&#72&#111&#102&#109&#97&#110&#110 &#98&#101&#103&#97&#110 their interdisciplinary &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#13&#10&#112&#114&#111&#103&#114&#97&#109 &#116&#111 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#121 &#116&#104&#101 Mexican species of mushrooms and their usage in &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#101&#102&#102&#111&#114&#116&#115 culminated in a 1958 landmark report that described the isolation, molecular structure and synthesis of the mushrooms' active ingredients: &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#105&#110&#46 &#83&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108 &#121&#101&#97&#114&#115 later, these substances were also &#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#97 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 of mushroom in Europe, Psilocybe semilanceata, which became the first in &#97 &#115&#101&#114&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#110&#101&#119&#108&#121 discovered species. Since then, psychoactive mushrooms from other genera have been &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#105&#110&#99&#114&#101&#97&#115&#105&#110&#103 &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#99&#121&#46&#13&#10&#65&#115 part &#111&#102 &#109&#121 &#97&#110&#97&#108&#121&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#119&#111&#114&#107 dedicated to &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 occurring chemicals, I had the good fortune to &#98&#101 &#112&#97&#114&#116 &#111&#102 &#97&#13&#10&#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 team that studied alkaloids found in a variety of mushroom species. Now I believe the time has come &#102&#111&#114 &#97 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#114&#101&#104&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101 &#114&#101&#118&#105&#101&#119 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#110&#101&#119 findings from the fields &#111&#102 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#121&#44&#13&#10&#116&#97&#120&#111&#110&#111&#109&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108 products chemistry.<br> Wasson and &#104&#105&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#99&#101&#115&#115&#111&#114&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#108&#114&#101&#97&#100&#121 provided detailed accounts &#112&#101&#114&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#121 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#115&#116&#117&#100&#121 of the Me </div> <p align="center"> Existing evidence indicates that man &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100 —Europe, Asia, Africa, and &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#8212&#104&#97&#115 &#109&#97&#100&#101 &#108&#101&#115&#115 &#117&#115&#101 of native plants and shrubs for their hallucinogenic properties than &#104&#97&#115 &#109&#97&#110 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 New World. &#84&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#115 &#108&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#114&#101&#97&#115&#111&#110 to believe that the vegetation of one &#104&#97&#108&#102 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#108&#111&#98&#101 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/psilocybesubaeruginosacultivation.htm" title="Psilocybesubaeruginosacultivation" alt="Psilocybesubaeruginosacultivation" >Psilocybesubaeruginosacultivation</a> &#105&#115 poorer or richer in species <b> gymnopilus sp rare</b> &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#112&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#110 the other &#104&#97&#108&#102&#46 &#87&#104&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#110&#44 &#115&#104&#111&#117&#108&#100 there be such disparity? Has man &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100 simply not discovered many &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#112&#108&#97&#110&#116&#115&#63 Are some of them too toxic in other &#119&#97&#121&#115 &#116&#111 &#98&#101 &#117&#116&#105&#108&#105&#122&#101&#100&#63 Or has man in the Old World &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#108&#101&#115&#115 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 in narcotics? We have no real answer. But we do know that the Old World has &#102&#101&#119&#101&#114 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#101&#109&#112&#108&#111&#121&#101&#100 hallucinogenically than &#100&#111&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#119 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#58 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#101&#100 with &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#49&#53 &#111&#114 &#50&#48 species used &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#69&#97&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110 &#72&#101&#109&#105&#115&#112&#104&#101&#114&#101&#44 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/cubensisqueensland.htm" title="Cubensisqueensland" alt="Cubensisqueensland" >Cubensisqueensland</a> &#116&#104&#101 species used hallucinogenically &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#87&#101&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110 &#72&#101&#109&#105&#115&#112&#104&#101&#114&#101 number more than 100! Yet some &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100 hallucinogens &#116&#111&#100&#97&#121 &#104&#111&#108&#100 &#112&#108&#97&#99&#101&#115 &#111&#102 primacy throughout the world. Cannabis, &#117&#110&#100&#111&#117&#98&#116&#101&#100&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 of all the <H3> gymnopilus sp rare</H3> hallucinogens, is perhaps the best example. &#84&#104&#101 &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108 &#115&#111&#108&#97&#110&#97&#99&#101&#111&#117&#115 &#105&#110&#103&#114&#101&#100&#105&#101&#110&#116&#115 of medieval &#119&#105&#116&#99&#104&#101&#115&#39 &#98&#114&#101&#119&#115&#8212&#104&#101&#110&#98&#97&#110&#101&#44 &#110&#105&#103&#104&#116&#115&#104&#97&#100&#101&#44 &#98&#101&#108&#108&#97&#100&#111&#110&#110&#97&#44 &#97&#110&#100 mandrake—greatly &#105&#110&#102&#108&#117&#101&#110&#99&#101&#100 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#112&#104&#105&#108&#111&#115&#111&#112&#104&#121&#44 &#109&#101&#100&#105&#99&#105&#110&#101&#44 and &#101&#118&#101&#110 &#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#121 &#102&#111&#114 &#109&#97&#110&#121 years. Some &#112&#108&#97&#121&#101&#100 &#97&#110 &#101&#120&#116&#114&#97&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#97&#114&#105&#108&#121 &#118&#105&#116&#97&#108 religious role &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#65&#114&#121&#97&#110 cultures of northern India. The role of hallucinogens &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108 &#97&#110&#100 social development of many areas of the &#79&#108&#100 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100 &#105&#115 &#111&#110&#108&#121 now being investigated.<br> &#65&#116 &#101&#118&#101&#114&#121 &#116&#117&#114&#110&#44 &#105&#116&#115 &#101&#120&#116&#101 </p> <br /> </p> <h2>sp. sp.</h2> <p>was followed by a very vivid sensation of the soul in flight, coupled with feelings of euphoria.When looking out the window into the dark night of a forest landscape, visions of strange patterns and formations occurred, which were deeply impressive and seemed to impart an inkling of eternity. At the end of four hours, the effects had dissipated without dysphoria or any type of somatic side effect. A control experiment for comparison purposes was performed using 0.8 g of dried Psilocybe semilanceata. The onset of symptoms was much more sudden, including a heavy flow of tears, so that there was an initial phase of anxiety. Only in a later phase of the experience was it possible to perceive ornaments in the form of "underwater streamers", and to appreciate the aesthetically enhanced nature of these visions. The regular pattern of. involuntary intoxications is a good indicator for the large scope of expansion of Inocybe aeruginascens into new habitats during the 1980s. For example, at the time of the initial intoxications - when the species was still restricted to a few easily quantifiable collections - the mushrooms had spread from Potsdam to the location known in 1982, and from there moved on to several other locations in the vicinity, where more than 150 mushrooms were found (see Figure 34). Symbiosis With Trees Starting in late May 1984, fruiting bodies of the species could be found in abundance at countless new locations across the Brandenburg region of Germany. They tend to grow near the roots of different deciduous trees (Populus, Tilia, Quercus, Betula), on lawns in parks and gardens, at the edges of trails and in the paved margin areas of tree-lined sidewalks (where they may even grow on bare, sandy soil) as well as amongst the greenery of residential areas in the suburbs and communities in and around Berlin. Herein lies the most marked difference between Inocybe aeruginascens and other European psychotropic mushroom species: Inocybe aeruginascens grows only in areas of human development. Their prime locations are in the middle of villages and towns, where they grow locally much like other Inocybe species. They may temporarily produce mass quantities of fruiting bodies, in those locations that are typical habitats for the edible varieties of the fairy ring mushroom. So far, the most abundant crop of fruiting bodies was observed in 1987, due to very wet weather conditions, which allowed the mushrooms to thrive. The following years were comparatively dry and the species hardly fruited at all. It wasn't until 1990 that a few mushrooms re-emerged at the classic location in Potsdam. Despite 1989 having been a bad year for mushrooms, it was the year when Inocybe aeruginascens was found for the first time at four locations in and around Rostock, a city located on the Eastern German coast, which is famous for its wet climate. Finding the mushrooms at these locations is evidence for a mu The first livestock to arrive in Australia were brought from the Cape of Good Hope in <p align="justify"> , and who gorge themselves &#111&#110 &#111&#117&#114 &#116&#97&#120 &#100&#111&#108&#108&#97&#114&#115&#46&#13&#10&#73 met Jochen Gartz shortly after the fall &#111&#102&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#66&#101&#114&#108&#105&#110 &#87&#97&#108&#108 &#97&#116 the third symposium of the European &#67&#111&#108&#108&#101&#103&#101 &#102&#111&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#83&#116&#117&#100&#121 of Consciousness (ECSC) in Freiburg, Germany.<br> Our encounter was my first contact with a researcher from &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#114&#13&#10&#69&#97&#115&#116 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#46 &#74&#111&#99&#104&#101&#110 Gartz's enthusiastic lecture was a truly consciousnessexpanding event, his words breaking down traditional borders and crossing over into new territory.<br> The magic mushrooms &#115&#112&#111&#107&#101 &#116&#104&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104 &#104&#105&#109 &#45 with no trace of dogma or ideology - in the &#116&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#116&#114&#117&#101 &#97&#110&#97&#114&#99&#104&#121 that &#105&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#109&#97&#114&#107 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 magic. &#87&#104&#97&#116 &#73 &#104&#101&#97&#114&#100 &#119&#97&#115 unbelievable. Jochen &#115&#112&#111&#107&#101 &#111&#102 &#97 &#34&#110&#101&#119&#34 psychedelic mushroom and its migration.<br> &#84&#104&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97 &#104&#97&#100 &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 in concentric &#99&#105&#114&#99&#108&#101&#115 &#111&#117&#116&#119&#97&#114&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#76&#101&#105&#112&#122&#105&#103&#44 jumping all &#112&#111&#108&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#98&#111&#114&#100&#101&#114&#115&#46 &#70&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#119&#104&#101&#110 the mycelia reached West German soil, the hated Berlin Wall crumbled. Could there possibly be a connection between the evolution of the magic mushroom and the evolution of our consciousness? Could a mushroom have contributed to the resolution of our &#112&#111&#108&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#108&#105&#99&#116&#115&#63&#13&#10&#73&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#44 politicians, &#101&#118&#101&#110 &#112&#111&#112&#101&#115&#44 &#104&#97&#100&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#111&#119&#110 &#106&#101&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115 and magicians, who functioned as pressure release &#118&#97&#108&#118&#101&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#99&#104&#105&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 of political power &#115&#116&#114&#117&#103&#103&#108&#101&#115&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#111&#98&#118&#105&#111&#117&#115 that a country whose chancellor is being &#112&#101&#108&#116&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104&#13&#10&#101&#103&#103&#115&#44 &#117&#114&#103&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#110&#101&#101&#100&#115 a new breed of &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110 &#119&#104&#111&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#111 &#114&#101&#97&#100&#106&#117&#115&#116 reality. &#66&#117&#116 &#116&#111&#100&#97&#121&#44 &#110&#111 &#97&#115&#112&#105&#114&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110 &#115&#104&#111&#117&#108&#100 go about this task without this book as a guide for the wondrous journey into the realm of magic mushrooms. Christian Rdtsch Figure 5 - "Anthropomorphic Beings Engaged in Mushroom Dance" 10,000-year-old rock &#100&#114&#97&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110 &#84&#97&#115&#115&#105&#108&#105&#44 &#83&#97&#104&#97&#114&#97 (Algeria) CHAPTER &#49&#13&#10&#73 &#66&#69&#76&#73&#69&#86&#69 &#84&#72&#69 &#84&#73&#77&#69 HAS COME FOR A &#67&#79&#77&#80&#82&#69&#72&#69&#78&#83&#73&#86&#69 &#82&#69&#86&#73&#69&#87 &#79&#70 &#78&#69&#87&#13&#10&#70&#73&#78&#68&#73&#78&#71&#83 FROM THE FIELDS OF &#77&#89&#67&#79&#76&#79&#71&#89&#44 &#84&#65&#88&#79&#78&#79&#77&#89 &#65&#78&#68 &#78&#65&#84&#85&#82&#65&#76&#13&#10&#80&#82&#79&#68&#85&#67&#84&#83 &#67&#72&#69&#77&#73&#83&#84&#82&#89&#13&#10&#87&#104&#101&#110 R.G. &#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110&#44 &#82&#46 &#72&#101&#105&#109 &#97&#110&#100 A. Hofmann began their interdisciplinary research program to study the Mexican species of mushrooms and their <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/psilocybinmushroomsineasttexas.htm" title="Psilocybinmushroomsineasttexas" alt="Psilocybinmushroomsineasttexas" >Psilocybinmushroomsineasttexas</a> usage in Mexican mushroom &#99&#117&#108&#116&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#101&#102&#102&#111&#114&#116&#115 &#99&#117&#108&#109&#105&#110&#97&#116&#101&#100 in a 1958 &#108&#97&#110&#100&#109&#97&#114&#107 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 the isolation, molecular structure and synthesis &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#39 &#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110&#103&#114&#101&#100&#105&#101&#110&#116&#115&#58 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 and psilocin. Several years later, these substances were also identified &#105&#110 &#97 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102 mushroom &#105&#110&#13&#10&#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#44 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#98&#101&#99&#97&#109&#101 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/medicinalmushroomsporeprintseurope.htm" title="Medicinalmushroomsporeprintseurope" alt="Medicinalmushroomsporeprintseurope" >Medicinalmushroomsporeprintseurope</a> the first in a &#115&#101&#114&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#110&#101&#119&#108&#121 &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#101&#100 species. Since then, psychoactive mushrooms from other genera have been reported with increasing frequency. As part of my analytical work dedicated to the identification of naturally occurring chemicals, I had the good fortune to be &#112&#97&#114&#116 &#111&#102 &#97&#13&#10&#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 &#116&#101&#97&#109 that studied alkaloids found in a variety of mushroom species. Now I believe the time has &#99&#111&#109&#101 &#102&#111&#114 &#97 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#114&#101&#104&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101 review &#111&#102&#13&#10&#110&#101&#119 &#102&#105&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 fields of &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#121&#44&#13&#10&#116&#97&#120&#111&#110&#111&#109&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108 &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#116&#115 chemistry.<br> Wasson and his &#115&#117&#99&#99&#101&#115&#115&#111&#114&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#108&#114&#101&#97&#100&#121 &#112&#114&#111&#118&#105&#100&#101&#100&#13&#10&#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#101&#100 &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 pertaining to the history and study of the &#77&#101 </p> More than half of Australia's beef cattle can be found in the coastal areas of Queensland and familiarity with psychotropic mushrooms in Europe that is most likely derived from usage of Psilocybes and related species, rather than experience with Amanita muscaria. However, it is extremely difficult to reject or confirm this hypothesis, due to the lack of conclusive data available for analysis today. Bwyd Ellylon: A Feast of Fairies in Celebration of the Spirit World Tales of ritualistic mushroom usage have found their way into the realm of myths and legends. For instance, one legend describes a peculiar poisonous mushroom in Wales (British Isles) with the strange name of Bwyd Ellylon, which was considered a delicacy by fairies feasting in celebration of the spirit world. Psilocybe semilanceata is the most important psilocybincontaining mushroom in Europe and it thrives in parts of Great Britain, where the mushroom grows abundantly all across the Welsh countryside during fall season. I would like to thank G. Samorini for pointing out that the Inquisition was unusually cruel and vicious in the Alpine valleys of Valcamonica, Valtrompia and Valtellina (located in the provinces of Brescia and Sandrio in Northern Italy). Many books chronicle countless witch burnings in that region, with particular emphasis on the witches' meetings at the "Monte del Tonale", located at an altitude of 2000 m (ca. 6,000 ft). Field research has shown that plants of the nightshade family ("witching herbs") do not grow at this altitude; even the fly agaric mushroom is rarely found there. By contrast, pastures in the area abound with Psilocybe semilanceata during the fall. Given this historical context, it would seem likely that Psilocybe semilanceata played an important role as a psychotropic agent in the region (see Figure 58, Chapter 7.4). In light of medieval accounts describing the practice of witchcraft, it is interesting to note that a subjective sensation of flying or levitation is among the commonly reported effects of psilocybin intoxication. Berserk Rage of Nordic Warriors In the course of the ideological power struggle between Christianity and the remnants of pagan religions that worshipped Nature, many sources of knowledge were lost. The aggressive repression and eradication of pre-Christian customs all but destroyed the continuity of Europe's original cultural heritage, along with much historic evidence documenting early cultural practices, including the usage of plants and mushrooms for the purpose of temporary alterations of consciousness. Some authors went so far as to blame the fly agaric mushroom for proverbial fits of "berserk rage" attributed to Nordic warriors. Many accounts detailing this phenomenon allude to a "deception of the eyes" (i.e. visual hallucinations). After the Nordic legal system banished the practice of "going berserk", it disappeared quite suddenly during the 12th century. At about the same time, Saxo Grammaticus speculated that the Berserkers may have used mag xican mushroom species, so that these materials need not be repeated in this context. However, certain aspects concerning the more recent uses of these mushrooms as well as their conditions of growth will receive more detailed attention in later chapters. The main purpose of this book is to inspire further study of these mushrooms, particularly basic research efforts and medical applications of magic mushroom ingredients. The extensive bibliography will help scientists and other interested mycophiles to further immerse themselves in this complex area of study. Jochen Gartz Figure 6 - Bronze doors with mushroom motif entitled "Trial and Judgment" at Hildesheim Cathedral, Germany (ca. 1020). CHAPTER 2 REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MAGIC MUSHROOMS It is remarkable that cultures native to the American continent knew about a relatively large number of natural mind-altering substances compared to early cultures that evolved in Europe or Asia. Botanical evidence does not support the notion that Europe is home to fewer hallucinogenic plants than other regions. Furthermore, the growing number of recently discovered European mushroom species containing psilocybin indicate a flourishing psychotropic mycoflora in Europe similar to those found in other countries. It is unlikely that early European cultures learned less about local plants and mushrooms through usage and experience than cultures elsewhere in the world. Most likely, early cultural knowledge of European psychoactive plants and mushrooms was lost or destroyed at some time in history, probably as early as several hundred years ago. The discovery that the fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria) was known for its psychoactive properties in Siberia invited the conclusion that this mushroom was used as a psychotropic agent in medieval Europe as well. In fact, there is very little evidence from the Middle Ages to indicate widespread knowledge of the effects of specific mushrooms on human consciousness. However, I believe that past reports on psychoactive mushrooms were causally linked to Amanita muscaria simply because this was the only known psychotropic mushroom in Europe at that time. While the usage of Amanita muscaria among Siberian tribes has generated reports of spectacular hallucinations, European accounts of fly agaric intoxications do not generally include descriptions of such intensely hallucinatory effects. Accordingly, the potent hallucinogenic effects of specific Psilocybes and related species are likely to have had a much more significant influence on early European cultures than the delirium-like visions induced by Amanita muscaria, a species that is also known to induce unconsciousness and severe somatic side effects. This hypothesis is corroborated by data from comprehensive field studies conducted in Mexico. I believe that historic accounts including those described below - indicate a knowledge of </p> <h2> P. 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