Psilocybe Azurescens Spores - easymushrooms.com

<body> <div id="container"> <div id="header"> <from name="from1" id="from1" method="post" action=""> <input type="text" name="textfield" value="......" /> <input class=" button" type="submit" name="Submit" value="GO" /> </from> <h1>Psilocybe Azurescens Spores</h1> <p>azurescens spores</p> </div> <div id="tabs10"> <ul> <li><a href="/" title="Link 1"><span>Home</span></a></li> <li><a href="/Gallery.html" title="Link 2"><span>Gallery</span></a></li> <li><a href="/Contact.html" title="Link 3"><span>Chat</span></a></li> <li><a href="/Gallery.html" title="Link 4"><span>Contact</span></a></li> <li><a href="/Contact.html" title="Link 5"><span>About</span></a></li> <li><a href="/Articles.html" title="Link 6"><span>About</span></a></li> <li><a href="/Gallery.html" title="Link 7"><span>Contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="container2"> <div id="content"> <h2>where magic magic brisbane it brisbane where</h2> <p>ecialize in the study of Psilocybes, despite the fact that Psilocybe semilanceata is the most common and conspicuous species among the Psilocybes. Also, mushroom lovers whose interests are not purely scientific (see Chapter 7.4) do not usually preserve their knowledge for posterity in the form of distribution maps. However, there is one map from 1986, which shows the distribution pattern of Psilocybe semilanceata across Germany (see Figure 20, p. 28). Almost no published information is available about locations where Psilocybe species have been found in eastern Germany. During my own field trips, I have discovered Psilocybe semilanceata specimens in various locations, such as near my hometown of Mansfeld in the Vorharz Mountains, in the marshlands of Duben as well as in other eastern German marshland areas. In addition, friends who are also mycologists have told me about finding the mushrooms in other parts of the country. A book published in 1952 is among the rare sources that includes details about specimens discovered in the southeastern state of Saxony (see Figure 16, p. 23). The Psilocybe species grow most abundantly on wet pastures surrounded by forest areas. In my experience, Psilocybe semilanceata grows in most of Germany's forestlands. The species fruits during the fall, from late September through October. It favors acidic soil and grassy terrain alongside trails or around the edges of forest lands. Specimens are generally clustered in small groups of 30 mushrooms or less. Deer droppings or other animal feces are usually present at those locations, even though the mushrooms never grow directly on top of dung. Occasionally, extremely stunted specimens may be found in the mountains by the side of the road. The soil below older cow pastures provides an excellent medium for extensive mycelial growth. In some locations, large areas yield an abundance of fruiting bodies, mirroring the extent of mycelial saturation in the soil. Given adequate moisture, maximum yields can be expected, if the pasture was grazed at least once during the weeks before fruiting season. However, the mushrooms also thrive under similar conditions on horse and sheep pastures. Such grassy areas inside forests are usually grazing areas for deer, who provide the soil with additional fertilization. However, Psilocybe semilanceata does not grow in locations where artificial fertilizer has been used. Such pastures are often flanked by creeks or swamp lands, which saturate the soil with water. During the summertime, the warm climate in these wet areas provides an excellent environment for optimal mycelial growth. In Germany, the mushroom's habitat ranges from the coastal areas to mountainous regions, where the species has been found at altitudes of up to 1,720 m (5,160 ft) above sea level (MTB-8443, 1985). In the former Czechoslovakia, samples have been collected at altitudes ranging from 330 to 1,000 m (1,000 - <p align="justify"> In addition, many early users of "magic mushrooms" in Australia may have &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#98&#101&#99&#111&#109&#101 &#97&#119&#97&#114&#101 &#111&#102 their &#109&#105&#110&#100&#45&#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 by reading &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101 &#111&#114 the &#109&#97&#110&#121 &#110&#101&#119&#115 &#105&#116&#101&#109&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#105&#110&#103 in &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#111&#112&#117&#108&#97&#114 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115 during &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#97&#116&#101 &#108&#57&#54&#48&#39&#115 &#97&#110&#100 early l970's. These news items &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 &#98&#111&#116&#104 &#97&#99&#99&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#97&#108 and &#100&#101&#108&#105&#98&#101&#114&#97&#116&#101 &#105&#110&#116&#111&#120&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#39&#115 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#114&#101&#115&#117&#108&#116&#101&#100 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/magic_mushroom_grow_kits_au.shtml" title="Magic Mushroom Grow Kits Au" alt="Magic Mushroom Grow Kits Au" >Magic Mushroom Grow Kits Au</a> from the ingestion &#111&#102 &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#101&#116&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102 "magic mushrooms". For example, &#105&#110 &#49&#57&#55&#50&#44 &#111&#110&#101 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#108 newspaper report provided an account &#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 mushrooms by young teenagers at a local &#104&#105&#103&#104 &#115&#99&#104&#111&#111&#108 &#105&#110 &#66&#114&#105&#115&#98&#97&#110&#101&#58 "...children at a suburban &#115&#99&#104&#111&#111&#108 &#97&#114&#101 &#103&#101&#116&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#104&#105&#103&#104 on mushrooms &#99&#97&#108&#108&#101&#100 &#39&#71&#111&#108&#100 &#84&#111&#112&#115&#46&#39 &#84&#104&#101 mushrooms are common along the Brisbane River near &#84&#111&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#72&#105&#103&#104 &#83&#99&#104&#111&#111&#108&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#104&#105&#108&#100&#114&#101&#110 in search of &#96&#107&#105&#99&#107&#115&#39 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#110&#103 with &#116&#104&#101&#109 &#40&#85&#110&#115&#105&#103&#110&#101&#100&#44 &#49&#57&#55&#50&#41&#46&#34 &#73&#116 would be very obvious to anyone who read this above mentioned news item, when it appeared in print, that &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#105&#110&#103 &#102&#111&#114 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 would be able &#116&#111 &#102&#105&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#109 &#105&#102 they so &#100&#101&#115&#105&#114&#101&#100&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#115 &#121&#101&#116 another factor that &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#112&#108&#97&#121&#101&#100 &#97 significant &#114&#111&#108&#101 &#105&#110 &#112&#114&#111&#109&#111&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#101&#115&#116 in the &#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 in Australia and NZ. Some drug users &#111&#114 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/drawing_of_shrooms.shtml" title="Drawing Forum Drawing Forum Shrooms" alt="Drawing Forum Drawing Forum Shrooms" >Drawing Forum Drawing Forum Shrooms</a> &#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#108&#105&#99 &#105&#110&#100&#105&#118&#105&#100&#117&#97&#108&#115 &#109&#97&#121 have read or heard of R. Gordon Wasson's personal &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116 &#111&#102 &#104&#105&#115 &#97&#100&#118&#101&#110&#116&#117&#114&#111&#117&#115 &#114&#101&#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#121 of an hallucinogenic &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#99&#117&#108&#116 &#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 <b>MAGIC BRISBANE BRISBANE</b> &#116&#104&#101 Mazatec Indians of Southern &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#46 &#68&#114&#46 &#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 the ceremonial use &#111&#102 &#99&#101&#114&#116&#97&#105&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#115 divinatory substances among the Mazatecs &#97&#110&#100 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#112&#101&#111&#112&#108&#101&#115 in Oaxaca, Mexico (see &#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110&#44 &#49&#57&#53&#55&#41&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#106&#111&#117&#114&#110&#97&#108&#105&#115&#116&#105&#99 report of Wasson's &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110 an international edition &#111&#102 &#76&#105&#102&#101 &#77&#97&#103&#97&#122&#105&#110&#101 &#105&#110 the late l950's, providing many &#100&#114&#117&#103 &#117&#115&#101&#114&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#115 with the &#105&#110&#99&#101&#110&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#116&#111 &#115&#101&#101&#107 &#111&#117&#116&#44 find, and &#101&#118&#101&#110&#116&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 mushrooms. </p> <br /><br /> <img border="2" src="/images/Central-Coast-California-Psychoactive-Mushrooms.jp" alt=" Psilocybe Semilanceata Grow Kits"> ulinary mushroom bears no resemblance, either in &#115&#105&#122&#101 &#111&#114 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#44 &#116&#111 Inocybe aeruginascens.<br> Overall, however, these unfortunate cases have also contributed to our understanding of mushroom biochemistry.<br> In this context, I want to emphasize once more that the hallucinogenic varieties among the Inocybes can easily be mistaken for those muscarine-producing &#73&#110&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#97&#114&#101 &#101&#120&#116&#114&#101&#109&#101&#108&#121 poisonous. As &#112&#97&#114&#116 &#111&#102 &#104&#105&#115 &#105&#110&#118&#101&#115&#116&#105&#103&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 of the Psilocybe genus, &#71&#117&#122&#109&#97&#110 &#110&#111&#116&#101&#100 &#97 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110&#13&#10&#116&#114&#97&#105&#116 among the hallucinogenic species, in addition to the bluing reaction: a flour-like smell or &#116&#97&#115&#116&#101&#46 &#65&#112&#97&#114&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 inherent subjective nature of our sense of &#115&#109&#101&#108&#108 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#116&#97&#115&#116&#101&#44 &#97 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110 odor is a trait &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#100&#101&#102&#105&#110&#105&#116&#101&#108&#121&#13&#10&#100&#111&#101&#115 &#110&#111&#116 &#97&#112&#112&#108&#121 to the European species (also see Chapter 3.2). Mycophile &#111&#114 &#77&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#111&#98&#101&#63&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#115 from &#116&#104&#101 &#87&#101&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110&#13&#10&#85&#110&#105&#116&#101&#100 &#83&#116&#97&#116&#101&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 people with &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#116&#13&#10&#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 - devoted mushroom hunters who can identify the species with drill and &#97&#99&#99&#117&#114&#97&#99&#121&#46 &#65&#116 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#115&#97&#109&#101 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 however, these experts cannot identify easily spotted common table mushrooms, nor are &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#111 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#116&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 Agaricus species (champignons) from other mushrooms, even when these species grow &#111&#110&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#115&#97&#109&#101 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#46 &#83&#117&#99&#104 individuals, &#116&#104&#101&#110&#44 &#97&#114&#101&#13&#10&#110&#111&#116 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 &#105&#110 species other &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#46 &#73&#110 &#109&#121 &#111&#112&#105&#110&#105&#111&#110&#44 this attitude reflects a rare combination of mycophilia and mycophobia.<br> A mushroom's spore dust provides important information needed to determine identity. A spore print &#105&#115 &#108&#101&#102&#116 &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101 gills when the &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#112&#108&#97&#99&#101&#100 &#111&#110 black or white paper (depending on &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#41&#46 &#65&#115 &#116&#104&#101 process takes several hours, a glass vessel &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#98&#101&#13&#10&#112&#108&#97&#99&#101&#100 &#111&#118&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 cap to prevent drying. While useful, information &#111&#98&#116&#97&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101&#13&#10&#97&#110&#97&#108&#121&#115&#101&#115 &#104&#97&#115 its limitations, For instance, spores <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/photospsilocybemairei.shtml" title="Photospsilocybemairei" alt="Photospsilocybemairei" >Photospsilocybemairei</a> derived from &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116 &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97 may &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#97&#109&#101 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#98&#117&#116&#13&#10&#114&#101&#118&#101&#97&#108 basic &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#105&#99&#114&#111&#115&#99&#111&#112&#101&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#115 &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#97 high degree of similarity among spores from different Psilocybe species. Thus, the only way to prevent grave errors and potentially deadly intoxications is to rely on experienced experts &#102&#111&#114 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#97 &#112&#114&#111&#99&#101&#115&#115 that must include analysis of available ecological &#100&#97&#116&#97&#46&#13&#10&#67&#72&#65&#80&#84&#69&#82 &#53&#13&#10&#84&#72&#69 &#66&#76&#85&#73&#78&#71 &#80&#72&#69&#78&#79&#77&#69&#78&#79&#78 AND METOL TESTING: REALITY VS. WISHFUL THINKING As previously discussed in &#67&#104&#97&#112&#116&#101&#114&#115 &#51&#46&#49&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#51&#46&#55&#44 &#116&#104&#101 bluing reaction is characteristic of species that produce psilocybin. &#83&#116&#105&#108&#108&#44 &#102&#111&#114&#13&#10&#117&#110&#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#114&#101&#97&#115&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#115&#111&#109&#101 species &#111&#114 &#115&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#115&#13&#10&#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#97 genus that usually turns blue may not always change &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#100&#108&#101&#115&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#101&#110&#116&#46 Among the species that I have examined, Psilocybe &#98&#111&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#112&#108&#97&#121&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#105&#109&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#105&#118&#101 bluing reaction. The caps of this species stain very quickly in reaction &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#117&#114&#101&#46 &#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/magicmushroomsgoldcaps.shtml" title="Magicmushroomsgoldcaps" alt="Magicmushroomsgoldcaps" >Magicmushroomsgoldcaps</a> &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#115&#117&#99&#104 as Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Sing.<br> have stems that develop very &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#115&#101&#108&#121 &#98&#108&#117&#101&#13&#10&#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 caps &#100&#111 &#110&#111&#116 &#101&#120&#104&#105&#98&#105&#116 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#98&#108&#117&#105&#110&#103 reaction. By contrast, Psilocybe <div align="right"> More than half of Australia's beef cattle can &#98&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116&#97&#108 areas of Queensland and New &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104 &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#59 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 20 to 30 inch (500-750mm) rainfall &#98&#101&#108&#116 &#111&#102 &#81&#117&#101&#101&#110&#115&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#78&#101&#119 South Wales and Northern Victoria, generally &#112&#114&#111&#118&#105&#100&#101 &#97&#100&#101&#113&#117&#97&#116&#101 <i>lsd vs. shrooms</i> &#99&#108&#105&#109&#97&#116&#105&#99 &#101&#110&#118&#105&#114&#111&#110&#109&#101&#110&#116&#115 for the growth of psilocybian mushrooms, especially after heavy rains. It has &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#115&#117&#103&#103&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#34&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 cubensis was introduced into Australia accidentally by early settlers along with their livestock." This same spore dispersal mechanism also probably &#97&#112&#112&#108&#105&#101&#115 &#116&#111 &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#44 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 subbalteatus and several additional species known to occur &#105&#110 &#111&#114 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 dung &#111&#102 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#114&#117&#109&#105&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 includes Psilocybe semilanceata and the non-hallucinogenic "haymaker's" mushroom &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#105&#110&#97 &#102&#111&#101&#110&#105&#115&#101&#99&#105&#105&#46 &#87&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 are raised in all Australian states, as well as in the central lowlands, recreational users have been known to export these &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#112&#116&#105&#99 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#116&#111 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 areas &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 where they were collected. In the case of New &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#104&#101&#114&#101&#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 as NZ, cattle <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/cultivatingPanaeolusCyanescens.shtml" title="Cultivatingpanaeoluscyanescens" alt="Cultivatingpanaeoluscyanescens" >Cultivatingpanaeoluscyanescens</a> are the primary source for Copelandia cyanescens, but &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#108&#105&#98&#101&#114&#116&#121 &#99&#97&#112&#34 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 Psilocybe semilanceata only grows in the manured soil of &#102&#111&#117&#114&#45&#108&#101&#103&#103&#101&#100 &#114&#117&#109&#105&#110&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#110&#111&#116 directly from manure (Jansen, Pers. Comm., 1988). The identification section of this guide documents reported locations &#102&#111&#114 &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#49 dozen species of psilocybian mushrooms in Australia and NZ which most likely have been &#117&#115&#101&#100 &#97&#116 &#111&#110&#101 &#116&#105&#109&#101 or another &#102&#111&#114 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#111&#115&#101&#115&#46 </div><br /> </p> <h2>"spotted map" of distribution</h2> <p> ed and large numbers of studies were conducted, primarily with LSD. These investigators sought to discover the receptor binding sites for hallucinogenic compounds in the brain and to understand the mechanisms underlying the genesis of psychedelic visions. Today, we still lack a sound theoretical framework able to explain the relationship between chemical compounds and the manifestation of their psychoactivity. Even though basic research is certainly important, its methods, unfortunately, are often a function of a rather one-sided pharmacological approach to investigating the effects of psilocybin, LSD and mescaline - an approach that is, in fact, too narrow to address the remarkably unusual nature of these substances and their effects. Misunderstandings between pharmacologists and toxicologists on the one hand and psychiatrists and psychologists on the other can often be traced all the way back to the 1950's, creating a legacy of disputes and arguments that have yet to be resolved. S. Grof undertook the tedious task of analyzing 5,000 experimental LSD protocols in an effort to isolate "absolute" symptoms that are reported or occur all of the time. His results were negative. According to Grof, hallucinogenic substances are non-specific triggers causing a sequence of altered states of consciousness, which do not fit the syndrome labeled "toxic psychosis". Rather, it is the individual's personality, along with the experimental setting that significantly shape the nature of the psychedelic experience. This view is shared by a majority of experts with considerable experience in conducting psychedelics-assisted psychotherapy. Even "real" somatic symptoms, such as nausea or vomiting, can often be controlled through psychological intervention techniques administered by trained professionals. A Plethora of Names The broad range of possible experiences inspired the use of labels other than "hallucinogens", with widely differing semantic connotations: entheogens, psychedelics, illusionogens, psycholytics, psychomimetics, psychodysleptica, psychoemetics and others. "Phantastica" (Lewin) is the oldest label ever used to describe this class of substances. This term successfully evokes dream-like, fanciful aspects of the experience, as well as the potential for euphoric and dysphoric emotional overtones. More recent terminology often says more about semantic biases of those who use the labels than about any factual, objective characteristics of the alkaloids they refer to. Accordingly, official antidrug propaganda since the 1960's has disparaged "psychedelics" as excessively glamorous and too positive a label, as the term was popular among Timothy Leary's fans and supporters. When used in low doses or for the first time, these substances are most likely to bring about a kind of magical transformation of surroundings, with a heightened ability to perceive subtle differences along the color spectru <p align="right"> ulinary mushroom &#98&#101&#97&#114&#115 &#110&#111&#13&#10&#114&#101&#115&#101&#109&#98&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44 &#101&#105&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#105&#110 size or form, to Inocybe aeruginascens.<br> Overall, &#104&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101&#13&#10&#117&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101 &#99&#97&#115&#101&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101 also contributed to our understanding of &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#98&#105&#111&#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#115&#116&#114&#121&#46&#13&#10&#73&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#101&#120&#116&#44 I want to emphasize once more &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#101&#116&#105&#101&#115&#13&#10&#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 the Inocybes can easily be mistaken for those muscarine-producing Inocybe species that are &#101&#120&#116&#114&#101&#109&#101&#108&#121 &#112&#111&#105&#115&#111&#110&#111&#117&#115&#46&#13&#10&#65&#115 &#112&#97&#114&#116 &#111&#102 his investigation of the Psilocybe genus, Guzman noted a common trait &#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 in addition to the bluing reaction: a flour-like smell or taste. Apart from the &#105&#110&#104&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116&#13&#10&#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101 &#111&#102 &#111&#117&#114 &#115&#101&#110&#115&#101 of smell and taste, &#97 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110 &#111&#100&#111&#114 &#105&#115 a trait that definitely does not apply to the &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#40&#97&#108&#115&#111&#13&#10&#115&#101&#101 &#67&#104&#97&#112&#116&#101&#114 3.<br>2).<br> Mycophile or Mycophobe? There are reports from the Western United States about people with expert knowledge of Psilocybe &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#45&#13&#10&#100&#101&#118&#111&#116&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#104&#117&#110&#116&#101&#114&#115 who can &#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#121&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#100&#114&#105&#108&#108 and accuracy.<br> At the same time, however, these experts &#99&#97&#110&#110&#111&#116&#13&#10&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#121 &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 &#115&#112&#111&#116&#116&#101&#100 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110 &#116&#97&#98&#108&#101&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#44 nor are &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#111 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#116&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 Agaricus species (champignons) from other mushrooms, even when these species grow &#111&#110&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#115&#97&#109&#101 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#46 &#83&#117&#99&#104 individuals, &#116&#104&#101&#110&#44 &#97&#114&#101&#13&#10&#110&#111&#116 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 &#105&#110 species other than Psilocybe semilanceata.<br> In my opinion, this attitude reflects a rare &#99&#111&#109&#98&#105&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#111&#98&#105&#97&#46&#13&#10&#65 mushroom's spore dust provides important information needed to determine identity. A &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#105&#110&#116 &#105&#115 &#108&#101&#102&#116 by the gills when the cap is placed on black or white &#112&#97&#112&#101&#114&#13&#10&#40&#100&#101&#112&#101&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#41&#46 &#65&#115 the process takes &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108 &#104&#111&#117&#114&#115&#44 &#97 &#103&#108&#97&#115&#115 vessel must be placed over the cap to prevent drying. While useful, information obtained &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101&#13&#10&#97&#110&#97&#108&#121&#115&#101&#115 &#104&#97&#115 &#105&#116&#115 limitations, &#70&#111&#114 &#105&#110&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44&#13&#10&#115&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115 &#100&#101&#114&#105&#118&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 mushrooms belonging to different &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97 &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#116&#104&#101 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/mushrooms_in_horse_manure.shtml" title="Mushrooms In Horse Manure" alt="Mushrooms In Horse Manure" >Mushrooms In Horse Manure</a> &#115&#97&#109&#101 color, but reveal basic &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#105&#99&#114&#111&#115&#99&#111&#112&#101&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101&#114&#101 is also a high degree of similarity among spores from <b>Poisonous and Psychotropic mushrooms</b> different Psilocybe species. Thus, the only way &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#101&#118&#101&#110&#116 &#103&#114&#97&#118&#101 &#101&#114&#114&#111&#114&#115 and potentially deadly intoxications is &#116&#111 &#114&#101&#108&#121 &#111&#110&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#100 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#116&#115 for mushroom identification, a process that must include analysis &#111&#102 &#97&#118&#97&#105&#108&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#101&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#100&#97&#116&#97&#46&#13&#10&#67&#72&#65&#80&#84&#69&#82 5 THE BLUING &#80&#72&#69&#78&#79&#77&#69&#78&#79&#78 &#65&#78&#68 &#77&#69&#84&#79&#76&#13&#10&#84&#69&#83&#84&#73&#78&#71&#58 &#82&#69&#65&#76&#73&#84&#89 VS. WISHFUL THINKING As previously &#100&#105&#115&#99&#117&#115&#115&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#67&#104&#97&#112&#116&#101&#114&#115 &#51&#46&#49&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 3.7, the bluing &#114&#101&#97&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115 &#99&#104&#97&#114&#97&#99&#116&#101&#114&#105&#115&#116&#105&#99&#13&#10&#111&#102 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 that produce psilocybin. Still, for unknown reasons, some species or samples belonging to a genus that usually turns blue may not always &#99&#104&#97&#110&#103&#101 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#100&#108&#101&#115&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 content. Among the species that &#73&#13&#10&#104&#97&#118&#101 &#101&#120&#97&#109&#105&#110&#101&#100&#44 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#98&#111&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#112&#108&#97&#121&#101&#100 the most impressive bluing reaction. The caps &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110 very quickly in reaction to pressure.<br> &#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#115&#117&#99&#104 &#97&#115 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 (Earle) Sing. have stems that &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#115&#101&#108&#121 &#98&#108&#117&#101&#13&#10&#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 their caps do not exhibit the bluing reaction.<br> By contrast, Psilocybe </p> xican mushroom species, so that these materials need not be repeated in this context. However, certain aspects concerning the more recent uses of these mushrooms as well as their conditions of growth will receive more detailed attention in later chapters. The main purpose of this book is to inspire further study of these mushrooms, particularly basic research efforts and medical applications of magic mushroom ingredients. The extensive bibliography will help scientists and other interested mycophiles to further immerse themselves in this complex area of study. Jochen Gartz Figure 6 - Bronze doors with mushroom motif entitled "Trial and Judgment" at Hildesheim Cathedral, Germany (ca. 1020). CHAPTER 2 REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MAGIC MUSHROOMS It is remarkable that cultures native to the American continent knew about a relatively large number of natural mind-altering substances compared to early cultures that evolved in Europe or Asia. Botanical evidence does not support the notion that Europe is home to fewer hallucinogenic plants than other regions. Furthermore, the growing number of recently discovered European mushroom species containing psilocybin indicate a flourishing psychotropic mycoflora in Europe similar to those found in other countries. It is unlikely that early European cultures learned less about local plants and mushrooms through usage and experience than cultures elsewhere in the world. Most likely, early cultural knowledge of European psychoactive plants and mushrooms was lost or destroyed at some time in history, probably as early as several hundred years ago. The discovery that the fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria) was known for its psychoactive properties in Siberia invited the conclusion that this mushroom was used as a psychotropic agent in medieval Europe as well. In fact, there is very little evidence from the Middle Ages to indicate widespread knowledge of the effects of specific mushrooms on human consciousness. However, I believe that past reports on psychoactive mushrooms were causally linked to Amanita muscaria simply because this was the only known psychotropic mushroom in Europe at that time. While the usage of Amanita muscaria among Siberian tribes has generated reports of spectacular hallucinations, European accounts of fly agaric intoxications do not generally include descriptions of such intensely hallucinatory effects. Accordingly, the potent hallucinogenic effects of specific Psilocybes and related species are likely to have had a much more significant influence on early European cultures than the delirium-like visions induced by Amanita muscaria, a species that is also known to induce unconsciousness and severe somatic side effects. This hypothesis is corroborated by data from comprehensive field studies conducted in Mexico. I believe that historic accounts including those described below - indicate a knowledge of The majority of adverse &#112&#104&#121&#115&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#111&#114 &#110&#101&#103&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 psychological reactions produced &#98&#121 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#114&#101&#115&#117&#108&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 inappropriate set and &#101&#120&#112&#101&#99&#116&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#111&#114 &#98&#101&#99&#97&#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#105&#109&#112&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114 dosage, which &#109&#97&#121 &#118&#97&#114&#121 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#97&#98&#108&#121 &#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 consumers, different mushroom species, or even within an individual species. The question &#111&#102 &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101 &#105&#115 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 confused by the variation in the source of &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 which is consumed.<br> For example, Psilocybe cubensis, when picked &#97&#110&#100 &#101&#97&#116&#101&#110 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#105&#116&#115 natural dung (manure) habitat, produces a &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 &#109&#105&#108&#100 &#109&#105&#110&#100&#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#44 which is &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101 &#97&#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 of fresh &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 &#110&#101&#101&#100&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#97&#99&#104&#105&#101&#118&#101 &#97 threshold experience. However when grown &#105&#110 &#118&#105&#116&#114&#111 &#40&#105&#110&#100&#111&#111&#114 &#108&#97&#98&#111&#114&#97&#116&#111&#114&#121 cultivation and/or illicit cultivation), Psilocybe <b>Conocybe Cyanopus Syringe</b> cubensis apparently can produce a more potent &#115&#116&#114&#97&#105&#110 &#99&#97&#112&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#111&#102 &#105&#110&#100&#117&#99&#105&#110&#103 a very intense &#118&#105&#115&#117&#97&#108&#44 &#115&#111&#109&#101&#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 &#113&#117&#105&#116&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#116&#117&#114&#98&#105&#110&#103&#44 experience. This dosage assumes that the &#99&#111&#110&#115&#117&#109&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#49 &#116&#111 3 gm of dried material would be &#116&#111&#111 &#108&#111&#119 &#105&#102 &#116&#104&#101 mushroom specimen came from &#97 &#119&#105&#108&#100 &#115&#111&#117&#114&#99&#101&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 low potency for Psilocybe cubensis has been confirmed &#98&#121 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#77&#97&#114&#103&#111&#116 & Watling, (1981), who were surprised by the comparatively &#115&#109&#97&#108&#108 &#97&#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100 psilocin <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/shrooms_pic/do_shrooms_show_up_on_drug_test.shtml" title="Shrooms Pic Do Shrooms Show Up On Drug Test" alt="Shrooms Pic Do Shrooms Show Up On Drug Test" >Shrooms Pic Do Shrooms Show Up On Drug Test</a> which &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#101&#120&#116&#114&#97&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#119&#105&#108&#100 specimens collected &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#102&#105&#118&#101 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 in Australia. This suggests that a &#109&#117&#99&#104 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#114 &#100&#111&#115&#101 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 be required to produce significant hallucinations. It is possible that &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108&#115 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121 degenerated between &#116&#104&#101 &#116&#105&#109&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101&#121 were harvested &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#116&#105&#109&#101 &#111&#102 analysis. However, it should be noted &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#97 &#115&#116&#114&#97&#105&#110 &#111&#102 Psilocybe cubensis producing different flushes (harvests) will vary &#115&#111&#109&#101&#119&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#110 &#112&#111&#116&#101&#110&#99&#121 &#98&#101&#116&#119&#101&#101&#110 flushes.<br> Those who ingest Copelandia cyanescens, known in More than half of Australia's beef cattle can be found in the coastal areas of Queensland <br /> </p> <h2>Psilocybe Cyanescens Australia</h2> <p> JOCHEN GARTZ MAGIC MUSHROOMS Around the World A Scientific Journey Across Cultures and Time The Case for Challenging Research and Value Systems * LIS PUBLICATIONS * LOS ANGELES, CA* Figure 1 - Water Color Painting of Psilocybe semilanceata (Germany, 1927) TABLE OF CONTENT (With Active Links' Just Click On A Subject To Go To The Page) "Who Was the First Magician?" - Foreword by Christian Ratsch 7 1. Introduction 9 2. Reflections on the History and Scientific Study of Magic Mushrooms 10 3. The Current State of Knowledge About European Species 14 3.1 Psilocybe semilanceata: The Classic Species Among European Psychotropic Mushrooms 16 3.2 Psilocybe cyanescens: Potent Mushrooms Growing on Wood Debris 29 3.3 Panaeolus subbalteatus: Mycology and Myths about the Panaeolus Species 37 3.4 Inocybe aeruginascens: Fast-Spreading New Arrivals 44 3.5 Gymnopilus purpuratus: Magnificent Mushrooms from South America 51 3.6 Conocybe cyanopus: Tiny Mushrooms of Remarkable Potency 55 3.7 Pluteus salicinus: A Little-known Wood-Inhabiting Species 58 4. Mushroom Identification: Taxonomic Confusion and the Potential for Deadly Mistakes 61 5. The Bluing Phenomenon and Metol Testing: Reality vs. Wishful Thinking 63 6. Mushroom Cultivation: Classic Findings and New Techniques 66 7. Psychotropic Mushroom Species Around the World 77 7.1 Spotlight on North America and Hawaii 79 7.2 Mycophilia in Central and South America 82 7.3 Australia's Mycoflora Attracts Attention 84 7.4 European Customs and Conventions 87 7.5 Japanese Experimentation 93 7.6 Intoxications and the Oldest Known Mushroom Cult in Africa 95 7.7 Usage in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific Islands 98 8. Some Comments on Effects of Mushrooms from the Category Phantastika 102 9. Psychotherapy 108 10. Outlook 114 11. Bibliography 120 Index 129 Figure 2 - Psilocybe cubensis from Australia Figure 3 - Water color painting of Panaeolus subbalteatus (Germany, 1927). Figure 4 - Fresh Panaeolus subbalteatus mushrooms. FOREWORD Nobody knows precisely when the first magic mushroom emerged from the shadows of prehistory to enter the light of consciousness. Nobody knows when the first magic mushroom was eaten by a human being. Nobody knows just who the first magic mushroom eater was. In seeking answers to these questions, we can only speculate. Mycophobes, however, are quick to voice their conviction that only a fool would be reckless enough to want to attain a higher state of consciousness beyond the boundaries of everyday reality. And only a fool would attempt to do this by ingesting those odd little things that mysteriously thrive on decaying, humid soil, rotten wood and malodorous mounds of cow manure. Historically, magic, mushrooms have been feared and hated` since antiquity: magic mushrooms were thought to be made from poisons that had dripped from serpents' fangs; they were considered to be unclean emissions of evil spirits; moreover, mushrooms were a kn ure of Psilocybe semilanceata (with sclerotia formation). Figure 48 - Inocybe aeruginascens on grassy soil Figure 49 - Psilocybe cubensis on horse manure and rice. portions of mycelia whose texture is somewhat like wool. The kind of viruses known to appear in champignon cultures - where they have already caused a lot of damage - have so far not been found in cultures of the Psilocybe and Panaeolus species. It is safe to say that we currently know a great deal about the nutritional requirements of Psilocybe cubensis. To a lesser extent, such information is available about other species as well. Armed with this knowledge, future researchers may well discover new insights into physiology of these species, as well as the biochemical changes that occur during fruiting. In my experiments, it has already been established that the process of differentiation whereby mycelia are transformed into sclerotia or fruiting bodies is linked to increased production of psilocybin as well as psilocin, especially in Psilocybe cubensis. Due to the relatively complex methodology and the type of equipment needed to isolate and maintain sterile cultures, it appears unlikely that cultivation of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms by laypersons will significantly heighten the mushroom's popularity or widen its area of distribution anytime soon. However, since the early 1980s, growing numbers of mycophiles in North America and Europe have successfully used "natural outdoor cultivation" to fruit Psilocybe cyanescens and similar species. This process involves selection of natural wood substrates striated with mycelia (rhizomorphs) that usually turn blue in response to handling. The mycelia are then transferred onto fresh wood chips or commercial mulch (not from cedar trees). After several months of growth, the mycelia fruit during the fall season. Figure 50 - Surface culture of Inocybe aeruginascens on a liquid nutrient medium. Figure 51 - Panaeolus subbalteatus on cow dung and rice. Figure 52 - Psilocybe cubensis on wet newspaper. CHAPTER 7 PSYCHOTROPIC MUSHROOM SPECIES AROUND THE WORLD Figure 53 - Psilocybe cubensis on compost. Figure 54 - Psilocybe stuntzii (grasslands variety) from British Columbia. Figure 55 - Giant mushroom sculpture from Kerala, India. There is considerable debate among experts about the significance and purpose of the sculpture. Figure 56 - Magic mushrooms & water buffalo t-shirt from Thailand, designed for the Western tourist market. CHAPTER 7.1 SPOTLIGHT ON NORTH AMERICA AND HAWAII In 1961, V.E. Tyler became the first investigator to report the detection of psilocybin in Psilocybe pelliculosa (Smith) Singer & Smith, a North American mushroom species. One year later, two research groups, working independently, discovered psilocybin, as well as psilocin, in samples of Psilocybe baeocystis Singer & Smith from the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Additional chemical and taxonomic findin by A. Hofmann, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals manufactured about 2 kg (ca. 4.4lbs) of pure psilocybin for scientific research purposes. The results of pharmacological testing soon revealed psilocybin as an alkaloid that was perfectly safe for human subjects under controlled experimental conditions. Despite this evidence, the anti-drug legislative framework of the mid1960s firmly established an "official mycophobia", a misguided, yet entrenched policy that still prevails today and effectively prevents the scientific investigation of promising potential applications for psilocybin and other alkaloids. At the same time, mycological and biochemical research studies have shown that psilocybincontaining mushrooms thrive all over the world and can be found on all continents. These mushrooms are no different from any other mycoflora and must not be excluded from scientific investigation because of their alkaloid content. In addition to overall variations in value systems across cultures, individuals tend to develop their own personal attitudes towards mushrooms in general. Oftentimes, the evolution of specific opinions about mushrooms can be traced back to childhood events, even though such early experiences seldom account for the development of prevailing biases and value systems later in life. I recall an incident from my own childhood, which occurred when I was about five years old. I was playing in a grassy meadow, when a girl pointed to a brown mushroom and earnestly explained that it was inedible and poisonous. While I have never forgotten this encounter, I did grow up to become a devoted mushroom enthusiast. On the other hand, a different childhood event has left me with the vivid memory of discovering a landfill virtually covered with vast numbers of gilled bluing mushrooms and the sense of awe I experienced contemplating this sight. In general, the unusual characteristics of these mushrooms are most likely responsible for strong impressions formed early in life, which then may develop into various attitudes or beliefs later on. An enduring personal interest in psychotropic mushroom species can serve to amplify or diminish mycophobic as well as mycophilic dispositions, depending on the influence of other factors. After all, judgments about the benefit or folly of deliberately altering one's state of consciousness are also colored by individual preferences, biases and opinions. The following chapters are meant to illustrate this diversity of attitudes towards psychotropic mushrooms. Descriptions of planned and involuntary experiments with specific mushroom species offer convincing evidence that the effects of psychoactive mushrooms are open to many possible interpretations. CHAPTER 3 THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT EUROPEAN SPECIES Figure 7 - Distribution pattern of Psilocybe cyanescens across Europe and North Africa (according to Krieglsteiner). Black dots indicate approximate locatio own cause of death and disease, bloated stomachs and insanity. Beliefs such as these have survived to the present day. They persist, for example,,, as figures of speech, s u c h as the slick Austrian description of a societal misfit as someone "who ate those madness-inducing mushrooms." But, there is another, very different, magic mushroom legacy as well. Flesh of the Gods for Devil Worshippers The Old World. Mycenaean civilization began with a mushroom trip -Mushrooms were an ingredient in the ambrosia of Dionysus. Porphyrius, the fourth century Latin poet and contemporary of Emperor Konstantin, knew that magic mushrooms were the children of the gods. WHO WAS THE FIRST MAGICIAN? A quasi-cannibalistic ritual, the act of eating the children of the gods unlocked one's power to experience the truly divine. But not all mushrooms enable human beings to enter the realm of divine consciousness. This magic power resides in only those fungi known as "fool's mushrooms", which were considered poisonous and believed to be the spawn of the Devil throughout the late Middle Ages and well into modern times. The New World: The Aztecs in Mexico referred to a number of small, inconspicuous mushrooms as teonartacatl, or "flesh of the Gods." These sacred mushrooms were eaten during the course of rituals intended to contact the Gods in order to learn about the world and the realm of the divine. These magic mushroom rituals thoroughly spooked the Catholic Spaniards. The mushroom eaters, commonly thought of as Devil worshippers, were hounded by the Inquisition. Still, all good things survive the tests of time, so the cult of magic mushroom eaters did not become extinct. Like mycelia underground, the cult continued to flourish, and at the proper time in recorded history, in 1957, the fruit of the fully grown mushroom re-surfaced to draw widespread public attention. Valentine and Gordon Wasson became the heroes of the modern neo-mycophilic movement. Back to the Old World: The revelations and insights gained from the use of psychoactive mushrooms were so magically wonderful, that our native European "fool's mushrooms" - which were gene ; considered inedible - had to be recognized as closely related to the magic mushrooms of Mexico, the flesh of the Aztec Gods. The souls of magic mushrooms in Mexico and Germany are essentially made from the same substance: psilocybin. Jochen Gartz has made an extraordinary contribution to the field of mycology by embracing Germany's magic mushrooms and the scientific study and testing of these fungi. The research efforts upon which this book is based require nothing less than a fearless, brave and courageous consciousness, free of prejudice and mycophobia. I am convinced that a researcher's consciousness infused by the spirit of the magic mushroom is capable of far deeper scientific insights than we can ever expect from the usual ivory tower academics, isolated from reality Most users of the psychoactive visionary mushrooms have very little knowledge of their scientific names. Instead, they have given their favorite species local epithets which are commonly used by those who collect and ingest them. Some of these popular names are also known and applied by users outside of Australia and NZ. "Magic Mushrooms" is the most common term applied to any mushroom which contains psilocybine and/or psilocine. It was invented by a Life Magazine editor in l957 ( see Wasson, l957). Psilocybe cubensis is known in Australia as "golden tops", "gold tops" or sometimes "gold caps." The Australian epithets may have been given to this species by members of a local, drugusing group of surfers which frequented the Gold Coast region of Eastern Australia; however, some of these names have apparently been used to describe several different species of Psilocybe by users in Australia (see Allen, 1997). As mentioned above, Psilocybe cubensis is not known to occur in New Zealand. Those who ingest Copelandia cyanescens, known in Australia and New Zealand as "blue meanies", also refer to this species as "Blue Legs", "golden tops" or "gold caps". The latter two nicknames, as well as "dimple tops" and "cone heads", are common terms applied to Copelandia cyanescens in the Hawaiian Islands; and some of these same popular names have also been used by visiting surfers from both New Zealand and Australia, to describe the macroscopic characteristics of Copelandia cyanescens. These same surfers visiting Hawaii's North Shore have reportedly ingested mushrooms prior to surfing, as do many of the locally based surfers in Australia and NZ. n the U.S.) contribute to the therapeutic process; they may even be the sole source for future progress. Under these conditions, stereo music also significantly deepened the intensity of the experience. It appears that these kinds of specific experiences may also account for the remarkable success of treating terminal patients with LSD to ease their fears in the face of death and to reduce even the most severe forms of pain. In many such cases, symptoms disappeared entirely, and relief from pain and anxiety that continued even after the drug's acute effects had worn off. A book by S. Grof provides a compassionate analysis of such successful treatments, which serves to underscore the fact that systematic efforts to investigate these particular therapeutic benefits have only just begun. So far, LSD has been the most widely studied substance in terms of easing the suffering of terminally ill patients, as well as dipropyltryptamine (DPT), a synthetic drug structurally similar to psilocybin that is active only when administered by injection. Below, a young woman from Switzerland gives a detailed account of her second mushroom experience. Her first experiment, with Psilocybe cubensis, had already introduced her to the realm of mystical experiences. For her second journey, she used 20 Psilocybe semilanceata mushrooms as part of a group ritual and achieved transcendence. A remarkable feature of her account is that the presence of an experienced guide was needed to realize the full potential of this visionary quest. "1 sat down next to another participant, seeking to connect with others in preparation for my journey. We proceeded to eat the fresh mushrooms. The room grew quiet and lovely music began to play. The mushrooms's effects came on much faster than they did during my first experiment. Twice I tried to establish closer contact with my fellow participant, but he was very nervous, and no source of reassurance for me. I was seeking my spiritual companion, but did not find that person among the present group. I became a figure in a long, white robe, wandering aimlessly among the columns (Greece?), still searching. My gaze lingered briefly on the wall next to the door and I saw faces and figures appear and vanish, but they did not hold my interest. It was hopeless. I continued my aimless roaming, and I was on the material plane, which I wanted to leave - had to leave. Suddenly, I found myself with one of the guides, who wanted to help me. I stared off into the distance, longing to be free of the material plane, but unable to do so. For a long time, I failed to connect with the guide; our two worlds were just too different. Suddenly I sensed that he wasn't able to look at me directly. The path by which to reach me runs through my eyes, because only they are truly alive. I asked him to help me on my way and invited him to look into my eyes. 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