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I met Jochen Gartz shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall at the third symposium of the European College for the Study of Consciousness (ECSC) in Freiburg, Germany. Our encounter was my first contact with a researcher from the former East Germany. Jochen Gartz's enthusiastic lecture was a truly consciousnessexpanding event, his words breaking down traditional borders and crossing over into new territory. The magic mushrooms spoke through him - with no trace of dogma or ideology - in the tradition of true anarchy that is the hallmark of mushroom magic. What I heard was unbelievable. Jochen spoke of a "new" psychedelic mushroom and its migration. The mycelia had spread in concentric circles outward from Leipzig, jumping all political borders. Finally, when the mycelia reached West German soil, the hated Berlin Wall crumbled. Could there possibly be a connection between the evolution of the magic mushroom and the evolution of our consciousness? Could a mushroom have contributed to the resolution of our political conflicts? In the past, politicians, even popes, had their own jesters and magicians, who functioned as pressure release valves in the machinations of political power struggles. It is obvious that a country whose chancellor is being pelted with eggs, urgently needs a new breed of magician who are able to readjust reality. But today, no aspiring magician should go about this task without this book as a guide for the wondrous journey into the realm of magic mushrooms. Christian Rdtsch Figure 5 - "Anthropomorphic Beings Engaged in Mushroom Dance" 10,000-year-old rock drawing in Tassili, Sahara (Algeria) CHAPTER 1 I BELIEVE THE TIME HAS COME FOR A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF NEW FINDINGS FROM THE FIELDS OF MYCOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY When R.G. Wasson, R. Heim and A. Hofmann began their interdisciplinary research program to study the Mexican species of mushrooms and their usage in Mexican mushroom cults, their efforts culminated in a 1958 landmark report that described the isolation, molecular structure and synthesis of the mushrooms' active ingredients: psilocybin and psilocin. Several years later, these substances were also identified in a species of mushroom in Europe, Psilocybe semilanceata, which became the first in a series of newly discovered species. Since then, psychoactive mushrooms from other genera have been reported with increasing frequency. As part of my analytical work dedicated to the identification of naturally occurring chemicals, I had the good fortune to be part of a research team that studied alkaloids found in a variety of mushroom species. Now I believe the time has come for a comprehensive review of new findings from the fields of mycology, taxonomy and natural products chemistry. Wasson and his successors have already provided detailed accounts pertaining to the history and study of the Me There are more than &#49 &#100&#111&#122&#101&#110 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102 "magic mushrooms" in Australia &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#46 &#70&#111&#117&#114 &#111&#102 these species are dung (manure) inhabiting mushrooms.<br> They include Psilocybe cubensis &#97&#110&#100&#47&#111&#114 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/CubensisMcKennareport.shtml" title="Cubensismckennareport" alt="Cubensismckennareport" >Cubensismckennareport</a> &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#40&#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 locally &#97&#115 &#34&#103&#111&#108&#100 &#99&#97&#112&#115&#34 &#97&#110&#100&#47&#111&#114 "gold tops"), Psilocybe subaeruginosa, and Copelandia &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#40&#116&#104&#101 &#108&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114 &#105&#115 known locally as "blue meanies"). &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110 the mind altering &#97&#108&#107&#97&#108&#111&#105&#100&#115 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#105&#110&#101 and are the most common hallucinogenic &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#46 &#73&#110 New Zealand, the &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110&#108&#121 &#117&#115&#101&#100 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 are Copelandia cyanescens and Psilocybe semilanceata, the latter species is recognized throughout &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#111&#114&#108&#100 &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 "liberty cap").<br> &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114&#115 in <i>howto indoor azurescens</i> manured soil &#97&#110&#100 &#100&#111&#101&#115 &#110&#111&#116 &#103&#114&#111&#119 &#100&#105&#114&#101&#99&#116&#108&#121 from the dung of cattle, sheep or other &#102&#111&#117&#114 &#108&#101&#103&#103&#101&#100 &#102&#97&#114&#109 &#97&#110&#105&#109&#97&#108&#115&#46 Psilocybe cubensis the most popular of these &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#105&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 throughout much of the world; &#104&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#105&#115 &#110&#111&#116 known to occur in &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#46 &#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 described in this &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 <b>How were shrooms discovered</b> &#97&#114&#101 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 occur &#105&#110 &#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101&#100 &#115&#111&#105&#108&#44 &#105&#110 pastures, meadows, grazing lands, some lawns and in &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#97&#114&#107 &#109&#117&#108&#99&#104 &#97&#110&#100 woodchips of &#100&#101&#99&#105&#100&#117&#111&#117&#115 &#119&#111&#111&#100&#115&#46 <br /><br /> <img border="3" src="/images/Drug-Shrooms-Psilocybe-Cyanescens.jpg" > <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/photospsilocybemairei.shtml" title="Photospsilocybemairei" alt="Photospsilocybemairei" >Photospsilocybemairei</a> &#84&#104&#101 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#116&#111&#99&#107 &#116&#111 arrive in Australia were &#98&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/psilocybecubensisromania.shtml" title="Psilocybecubensisromania" alt="Psilocybecubensisromania" >Psilocybecubensisromania</a> &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#112&#101 &#111&#102 &#71&#111&#111&#100 Hope in went in waves. Increasingly, all colors in her immediate surroundings coalesced into shades of green. The hallucinations were fearsome; the heads of monsters became visible and a wall opened up into an abyss. There was a succession of human figure with animal heads. The next day, everything was back to normal. The oldest child (age 14) also saw her parents' hair color turn green, had dilated pupils and watched geometric shapes appear on the wall. The youngest child (age 11) experienced cramps and lost consciousness. In 1960, Singer and Guzman suggested that Panaeolus cyanescens might contain psilocybin, because of the intense blue staining they had observed. It wasn't until after the intoxications in Menton had been publicized, that a research team working with A. Hofmann detected 0.2% of psilocybin in the mushrooms. Considering the powerful effects, however, this concentration appears to be too low to cause such impressive reactions. Later on, Sandoz Laboratories reported the level of psilocybin in dried samples as 0.8%, along with 1.2% psilocin. The level of psilocin, however, may have been falsely elevated by the presence of serotonin and its derivates in the mushroom sample that was being tested. According to Stijve, a mushroom sample collected by J.W. Allen in Thailand contained 0.4% - 1.05% of psilocin, with only trace amounts of psilocybin; serotonin was present in large amounts, comparable to concentrations found in all Panaeolus species. Apparently, Panaeolus cyanescens produces more psilocin than psilocybin. Still, I was able to detect 0.4% of psilocybin in mycelia cultivated on malt agar, with no other indole compounds present. Discussion of the Panaeolus species would remain incomplete without pointing out that those subjectively terrifying psychoses reported in 1965 cannot be attributed to a specific mushroom ingredient, but were likely precipitated by the circumstances (set and setting) surrounding the incident. The effects described by J. Allen in Hawaii after eating 20 specimens paint a different picture altogether: With radio music playing softly in the dark, euphoria began to come on in waves. After 20 minutes, visions became so intense that I tried to close my eyes. Whenever 1 did close my eyes, my eyelids felt as if they were being sprayed from the outside. Colors were sharp and clear, but I always quickly opened my eyes again. Colors were dancing like laser beams to the rhythm of the music. The stars in the sky assembled in clusters that reached all the way into my soul. I was a little scared at the idea that the ocean water might rush up all the way into our hut. Other than that, feelings of euphoria were overwhelming. At times, I was overcome by fits of laughter. That night, I slept like "a prince ". The following morning I gathered up my belongings and had to walk back across the pasture where I had collected the mushrooms the day before. I noticed a lot o<br /> </p> <h2>Magic Mushrooms Brisbane River</h2> <p> own cause of death and disease, bloated stomachs and insanity. Beliefs such as these have survived to the present day. They persist, for example,,, as figures of speech, s u c h as the slick Austrian description of a societal misfit as someone "who ate those madness-inducing mushrooms." But, there is another, very different, magic mushroom legacy as well. Flesh of the Gods for Devil Worshippers The Old World. Mycenaean civilization began with a mushroom trip -Mushrooms were an ingredient in the ambrosia of Dionysus. Porphyrius, the fourth century Latin poet and contemporary of Emperor Konstantin, knew that magic mushrooms were the children of the gods. WHO WAS THE FIRST MAGICIAN? A quasi-cannibalistic ritual, the act of eating the children of the gods unlocked one's power to experience the truly divine. But not all mushrooms enable human beings to enter the realm of divine consciousness. This magic power resides in only those fungi known as "fool's mushrooms", which were considered poisonous and believed to be the spawn of the Devil throughout the late Middle Ages and well into modern times. The New World: The Aztecs in Mexico referred to a number of small, inconspicuous mushrooms as teonartacatl, or "flesh of the Gods." These sacred mushrooms were eaten during the course of rituals intended to contact the Gods in order to learn about the world and the realm of the divine. These magic mushroom rituals thoroughly spooked the Catholic Spaniards. The mushroom eaters, commonly thought of as Devil worshippers, were hounded by the Inquisition. Still, all good things survive the tests of time, so the cult of magic mushroom eaters did not become extinct. Like mycelia underground, the cult continued to flourish, and at the proper time in recorded history, in 1957, the fruit of the fully grown mushroom re-surfaced to draw widespread public attention. Valentine and Gordon Wasson became the heroes of the modern neo-mycophilic movement. Back to the Old World: The revelations and insights gained from the use of psychoactive mushrooms were so magically wonderful, that our native European "fool's mushrooms" - which were gene ; considered inedible - had to be recognized as closely related to the magic mushrooms of Mexico, the flesh of the Aztec Gods. The souls of magic mushrooms in Mexico and Germany are essentially made from the same substance: psilocybin. Jochen Gartz has made an extraordinary contribution to the field of mycology by embracing Germany's magic mushrooms and the scientific study and testing of these fungi. The research efforts upon which this book is based require nothing less than a fearless, brave and courageous consciousness, free of prejudice and mycophobia. I am convinced that a researcher's consciousness infused by the spirit of the magic mushroom is capable of far deeper scientific insights than we can ever expect from the usual ivory tower academics, isolated from reality <p align="center"> &#120&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#115&#111 that these materials need not be repeated &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#101&#120&#116&#46 &#72&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#99&#101&#114&#116&#97&#105&#110 aspects concerning the more recent uses of these mushrooms as well as their &#99&#111&#110&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#102 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#116&#104 &#119&#105&#108&#108 receive more detailed attention in later chapters.<br> The &#109&#97&#105&#110 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#111&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#105&#115 book is &#116&#111&#13&#10&#105&#110&#115&#112&#105&#114&#101 &#102&#117&#114&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#121 &#111&#102 these &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#44&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#98&#97&#115&#105&#99 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 &#101&#102&#102&#111&#114&#116&#115 and medical applications of magic mushroom ingredients. The &#101&#120&#116&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101 &#98&#105&#98&#108&#105&#111&#103&#114&#97&#112&#104&#121 &#119&#105&#108&#108 &#104&#101&#108&#112&#13&#10&#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#115&#116&#115 and other interested &#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#101&#115 <b>stuntzii stuntzii</b> &#116&#111&#13&#10&#102&#117&#114&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#105&#109&#109&#101&#114&#115&#101 Poisonous and Psychotropic mushrooms &#116&#104&#101&#109&#115&#101&#108&#118&#101&#115 in this complex area of study. Jochen Gartz Figure stuntzii stuntzii 6 - Bronze doors with mushroom motif entitled "Trial and Judgment" at &#72&#105&#108&#100&#101&#115&#104&#101&#105&#109 &#67&#97&#116&#104&#101&#100&#114&#97&#108&#44 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121 &#40&#99&#97&#46 &#49&#48&#50&#48&#41&#46&#13&#10&#67&#72&#65&#80&#84&#69&#82 2 REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC STUDY &#79&#70 &#77&#65&#71&#73&#67 &#77&#85&#83&#72&#82&#79&#79&#77&#83&#13&#10&#73&#116 &#105&#115 remarkable &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#116&#111 the American continent knew about a relatively &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#13&#10&#110&#117&#109&#98&#101&#114 &#111&#102 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108 &#109&#105&#110&#100&#45&#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103 substances compared to early &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#101&#118&#111&#108&#118&#101&#100 &#105&#110 Europe or Asia. Botanical evidence does not support the notion that Europe is &#104&#111&#109&#101 &#116&#111 &#102&#101&#119&#101&#114 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99&#13&#10&#112&#108&#97&#110&#116&#115 than &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#114&#101&#103&#105&#111&#110&#115&#46 &#70&#117&#114&#116&#104&#101&#114&#109&#111&#114&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 number of recently discovered European mushroom species containing psilocybin indicate a flourishing psychotropic mycoflora in Europe similar &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 other countries. It is unlikely that early &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115&#13&#10&#108&#101&#97&#114&#110&#101&#100 &#108&#101&#115&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 local plants &#97&#110&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#13&#10&#116&#104&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104 &#117&#115&#97&#103&#101 &#97&#110&#100 experience than cultures elsewhere in the &#119&#111&#114&#108&#100&#46 &#77&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#44 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 cultural knowledge of European psychoactive plants and mushrooms was lost or destroyed at some time in history, probably as <b>stuntzii stuntzii</b> early as several hundred years ago. The discovery that the fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria) &#119&#97&#115 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#102&#111&#114 &#105&#116&#115&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 properties in Siberia &#105&#110&#118&#105&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#99&#108&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#105&#115 mushroom was used &#97&#115 &#97&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#97&#103&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 medieval Europe as well. In fact, there is very little evidence &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#77&#105&#100&#100&#108&#101&#13&#10&#65&#103&#101&#115 &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#100&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 knowledge of the effects of specific &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#110 &#104&#117&#109&#97&#110&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#46 &#72&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 I believe &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#112&#97&#115&#116 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#115&#13&#10&#111&#110 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 mushrooms were causally &#108&#105&#110&#107&#101&#100&#13&#10&#116&#111 &#65&#109&#97&#110&#105&#116&#97 &#109&#117&#115&#99&#97&#114&#105&#97 &#115&#105&#109&#112&#108&#121 because this was &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#111&#110&#108&#121 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 in Europe at that time. While the usage &#111&#102 &#65&#109&#97&#110&#105&#116&#97 &#109&#117&#115&#99&#97&#114&#105&#97&#13&#10&#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#83&#105&#98&#101&#114&#105&#97&#110 tribes has generated &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#116&#97&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 accounts of fly &#97&#103&#97&#114&#105&#99 &#105&#110&#116&#111&#120&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#100&#111 &#110&#111&#116 &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 include descriptions of such intensely hallucinatory effects. Accordingly, &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#111&#116&#101&#110&#116 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99&#13&#10&#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#111&#102 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/drawings_of_liberty_caps.shtml" title="Drawings Of Liberty Caps" alt="Drawings Of Liberty Caps" >Drawings Of Liberty Caps</a> &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#102&#105&#99 Psilocybes and related &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121 &#116&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 had a much more significant influence on early European cultures than the delirium-like &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#105&#110&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#65&#109&#97&#110&#105&#116&#97&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#99&#97&#114&#105&#97&#44 a species that &#105&#115 &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 induce unconsciousness and severe &#115&#111&#109&#97&#116&#105&#99 &#115&#105&#100&#101 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#105&#115 &#104&#121&#112&#111&#116&#104&#101&#115&#105&#115 is corroborated by data from comprehensive field studies conducted in Mexico. I believe that <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/uk_psilocybin_mushrooms.shtml" title="Uk Psilocybin Mushrooms" alt="Uk Psilocybin Mushrooms" >Uk Psilocybin Mushrooms</a> historic accounts including &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#119 &#45 &#105&#110&#100&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101 a knowledge of </p> There are more than 1 dozen species of "magic mushrooms" in Australia and New <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/couldpsilocybeazurescensgrowondung.shtml" title="Couldpsilocybeazurescensgrowondung" alt="Couldpsilocybeazurescensgrowondung" >Couldpsilocybeazurescensgrowondung</a> <b>"semilanceata" "spore syringe"</b> <p <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/psylocibe_galway.shtml" title="Psylocibe Galway" alt="Psylocibe Galway" >Psylocibe Galway</a> align="center"> &#84&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#119&#104&#111 &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116 &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 cyanescens, known in </p> Most users of the psychoactive visionary mushrooms have &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#108&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 &#111&#102 their scientific <H3>"PSILOCYBE "PSILOCYBE SUBCUBENSIS"</H3> names.<br> <b>"PSILOCYBE "PSILOCYBE SUBCUBENSIS"</b> Instead, they have given their favorite species local epithets which are &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110&#108&#121 &#117&#115&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#119&#104&#111 collect <b>"PSILOCYBE "PSILOCYBE SUBCUBENSIS"</b> and ingest them. &#83&#111&#109&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#112&#111&#112&#117&#108&#97&#114 names are also known and applied by &#117&#115&#101&#114&#115 &#111&#117&#116&#115&#105&#100&#101 &#111&#102 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 and NZ. "Magic Mushrooms" is the most common term applied &#116&#111 &#97&#110&#121 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 contains psilocybine and/or psilocine. It was invented by a Life Magazine editor in &#108&#57&#53&#55 &#40 &#115&#101&#101 &#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110&#44 l957).<br> Psilocybe cubensis <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/hallucinogenic_plants_in_maine.shtml" title="Hallucinogenic Plants In Maine" alt="Hallucinogenic Plants In Maine" >Hallucinogenic Plants In Maine</a> is known in Australia as "golden tops", &#34&#103&#111&#108&#100 &#116&#111&#112&#115&#34 &#111&#114 &#115&#111&#109&#101&#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 &#34&#103&#111&#108&#100 caps." The Australian epithets may have been given &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#98&#121 members of a local, &#100&#114&#117&#103&#117&#115&#105&#110&#103 &#103&#114&#111&#117&#112 &#111&#102 &#115&#117&#114&#102&#101&#114&#115 which &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#71&#111&#108&#100 &#67&#111&#97&#115&#116 &#114&#101&#103&#105&#111&#110 of Eastern Australia; however, some of these names have apparently been used &#116&#111 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116 species of Psilocybe by users in Australia (see Allen, 1997).<br> As &#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101&#44 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 is not known to occur in New Zealand. Those &#119&#104&#111 &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116 &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#44 known in Australia and New Zealand as &#34&#98&#108&#117&#101 &#109&#101&#97&#110&#105&#101&#115&#34&#44 &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114 to this species as "Blue Legs", "golden &#116&#111&#112&#115&#34 &#111&#114 &#34&#103&#111&#108&#100 &#99&#97&#112&#115&#34&#46 The latter two nicknames, as well as "dimple tops" &#97&#110&#100 &#34&#99&#111&#110&#101 <b>"PSILOCYBE "PSILOCYBE SUBCUBENSIS"</b> &#104&#101&#97&#100&#115&#34&#44 &#97&#114&#101 common &#116&#101&#114&#109&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#108&#105&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 cyanescens in the Hawaiian Islands; and some of these same popular names have also been used &#98&#121 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#117&#114&#102&#101&#114&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 both &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100 &#97&#110&#100 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#44 &#116&#111 describe the macroscopic characteristics of &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#115&#97&#109&#101 &#115&#117&#114&#102&#101&#114&#115 visiting Hawaii's North &#83&#104&#111&#114&#101 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100&#108&#121 &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#112&#114&#105&#111&#114 to surfing, as &#100&#111 &#109&#97&#110&#121 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 locally &#98&#97&#115&#101&#100 &#115&#117&#114&#102&#101&#114&#115 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 and NZ. own cause of death and disease, bloated stomachs and insanity. Beliefs such as these have survived to the present day. They persist, for example,,, as figures of speech, s u c h as the slick Austrian description of a societal misfit as someone "who ate those madness-inducing mushrooms." But, there is another, very different, magic mushroom legacy as well. Flesh of the Gods for Devil Worshippers The Old World. Mycenaean civilization began with a mushroom trip -Mushrooms were an ingredient in the ambrosia of Dionysus. Porphyrius, the fourth century Latin poet and contemporary of Emperor Konstantin, knew that magic mushrooms were the children of the gods. WHO WAS THE FIRST MAGICIAN? A quasi-cannibalistic ritual, the act of eating the children of the gods unlocked one's power to experience the truly divine. But not all mushrooms enable human beings to enter the realm of divine consciousness. This magic power resides in only those fungi known as "fool's mushrooms", which were considered poisonous and believed to be the spawn of the Devil throughout the late Middle Ages and well into modern times. The New World: The Aztecs in Mexico referred to a number of small, inconspicuous mushrooms as teonartacatl, or "flesh of the Gods." These sacred mushrooms were eaten during the course of rituals intended to contact the Gods in order to learn about the world and the realm of the divine. These magic mushroom rituals thoroughly spooked the Catholic Spaniards. The mushroom eaters, commonly thought of as Devil worshippers, were hounded by the Inquisition. Still, all good things survive the tests of time, so the cult of magic mushroom eaters did not become extinct. Like mycelia underground, the cult continued to flourish, and at the proper time in recorded history, in 1957, the fruit of the fully grown mushroom re-surfaced to draw widespread public attention. Valentine and Gordon Wasson became the heroes of the modern neo-mycophilic movement. Back to the Old World: The revelations and insights gained from the use of psychoactive mushrooms were so magically wonderful, that our native European "fool's mushrooms" - which were gene ; considered inedible - had to be recognized as closely related to the magic mushrooms of Mexico, the flesh of the Aztec Gods. The souls of magic mushrooms in Mexico and Germany are essentially made from the same substance: psilocybin. Jochen Gartz has made an extraordinary contribution to the field of mycology by embracing Germany's magic mushrooms and the scientific study and testing of these fungi. The research efforts upon which this book is based require nothing less than a fearless, brave and courageous consciousness, free of prejudice and mycophobia. I am convinced that a researcher's consciousness infused by the spirit of the magic mushroom is capable of far deeper scientific insights than we can ever expect from the usual ivory tower academics, isolated from reality <br /> </p> <h2>cubensis mckenna</h2> <p> INTRODUCTION Mind-altering (psilocybine containing) mushrooms have been traditionally used in religious healing and curing ceremonies by native peoples in Mesoamerica for more than 3,000 years. Today, the recreational use of hallucinogenic fungi by Westerners is widespread, especially in various regions of the United States, Canada, Mexico, Caribbean, Great Britain, Europe (especially in the Netherlands), Scandinavia, South America, Southeast Asia, India, Bali, Samoa; Australia and New Zealand. The modern, non-traditional use of hallucinogenic mushrooms has been stimulated, by media reports in newspapers, magazines, word-of-mouth communication, the World Wide Web and Internet, and also by the scholarly and popular journal publications of the renown ethnomycologist R. Gordon Wasson, (Harvard psychologist Timothy Leary, traveler Jeremy Sanford, health guru Andrew Weil, and others (see Allen , Merlin &Jansen, 1991).This field guide reviews the history of both the accidental and purposeful use of psychoactive mushrooms in Australia and New Zealand. Information in this guide has been gathered from personal experiences in Australia by the author and from reports in the scientific literature, news items appearing in the popular press, and personal communications with Australian and New Zealand (NZ) professionals (Unsigned 1970; O'Neill, 1986). a have been reported from the following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, Wales, Italy and Spain. Unfortunately, there are no comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution pattern. Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected relatively tiny species, such as Psilocybe semilanceata, that tend to share their habitats with other, more prominent species. The sarcastic phrase "The mushrooms occur in abundance wherever mycologists abound" is particularly pertinent in reference to the Psilocybe species. Prior to the discovery of psilocybin, the Psilocybe genus languished in the literature, shrouded in obscurity. To this day, few 189. Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. Worthless] The cap is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, with a pointy or obtuse center forming an almost wart-like protrusion; initially, caps are often taller than they are wide, margins are bent and curved inward; later on, width of cap is 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; coloration is a dirtyish olive-brown when wet, with translucent striate margins; at the center, coloration is ocher or greenish-yellow against an overall shade of smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; only the margins are banded by a darkcolored, watery stripe around the edge. No stripes or banding evident when mushrooms are completely dried. Lacking a veil, caps are thin-fleshed, bald, with an easily separable pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky for a long time, turning shiny when dry. Gills are olive brown to blackish purple brown in color, with the edges often remaining white, gill spacing is quite crowded; gill attachment is either roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; attached at the stem only, fully detached later on. Spores are elongated to ellipitical in shape, smooth and large, measuring 12-16 u by 6-8,u. Color of spore dust is blackish purple brown. Stem is very slender, almost uniformly thin and always twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm thick, yellowish or whitish in color; areas subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth and roughly at the center, cortinate fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which is brittle and lined with a white fibrous cord of wool-like texture. When dry, the flesh of the cap is colored pale yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher brown in color, especially towards the bottom. It is odorless and its flavor is mild. The mushroom grows from August to October, frequently in gregarious clusters, and can be found in pastures and along roadways, growing on dung that has undergone complete decomposition. It is not a particularly rare species. Figure 11(above) This excellent description of Psilocybe semilanceata by Michael & Schulz (1927) is shown here as originally published in German, with an English translation. Mycologists sp <p align="right"> &#120&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 so &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#97&#116&#101&#114&#105&#97&#108&#115 &#110&#101&#101&#100 &#110&#111&#116 &#98&#101 repeated in this context. However, &#99&#101&#114&#116&#97&#105&#110 &#97&#115&#112&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#99&#101&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#111&#114&#101 recent &#117&#115&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 as well as their conditions &#111&#102 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#116&#104 &#119&#105&#108&#108 &#114&#101&#99&#101&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#111&#114&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#101&#100 attention in &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#99&#104&#97&#112&#116&#101&#114&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#105&#110 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#111&#115&#101 of this &#98&#111&#111&#107 &#105&#115 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#105&#110&#115&#112&#105&#114&#101 &#102&#117&#114&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#121 of these mushrooms, particularly &#98&#97&#115&#105&#99 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 &#101&#102&#102&#111&#114&#116&#115 &#97&#110&#100 medical applications of magic mushroom &#105&#110&#103&#114&#101&#100&#105&#101&#110&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#101&#120&#116&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101 &#98&#105&#98&#108&#105&#111&#103&#114&#97&#112&#104&#121 &#119&#105&#108&#108 help scientists and other interested mycophiles to further &#105&#109&#109&#101&#114&#115&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#109&#115&#101&#108&#118&#101&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#120 area of study. Jochen Gartz Figure &#54 &#45 &#66&#114&#111&#110&#122&#101 &#100&#111&#111&#114&#115 with mushroom motif &#101&#110&#116&#105&#116&#108&#101&#100 &#34&#84&#114&#105&#97&#108 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#74&#117&#100&#103&#109&#101&#110&#116&#34 &#97&#116 Hildesheim &#67&#97&#116&#104&#101&#100&#114&#97&#108&#44 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121 &#40&#99&#97&#46 &#49&#48&#50&#48&#41&#46&#13&#10&#67&#72&#65&#80&#84&#69&#82 2 REFLECTIONS ON &#84&#72&#69 &#72&#73&#83&#84&#79&#82&#89&#13&#10&#65&#78&#68 &#83&#67&#73&#69&#78&#84&#73&#70&#73&#67 &#83&#84&#85&#68&#89 OF MAGIC MUSHROOMS It is remarkable that cultures native to the American continent knew about a relatively large number &#111&#102 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108 &#109&#105&#110&#100&#45&#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115&#13&#10&#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#101&#100 to <u>keeping cyanescen mycelium alive on cardboard</u> &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#101&#118&#111&#108&#118&#101&#100 in Europe or Asia. Botanical evidence &#100&#111&#101&#115 &#110&#111&#116 &#115&#117&#112&#112&#111&#114&#116 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#110&#111&#116&#105&#111&#110 that Europe is home to fewer hallucinogenic plants than other regions. Furthermore, the growing &#110&#117&#109&#98&#101&#114 &#111&#102 &#114&#101&#99&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#101&#100 European mushroom species containing psilocybin indicate a flourishing psychotropic mycoflora in Europe similar &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 other countries. It is unlikely <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/magic_mushroom_recipe/chantrelle_mushroom.shtml" title="Magic Mushroom Recipe Chantrelle Mushroom" alt="Magic Mushroom Recipe Chantrelle Mushroom" >Magic Mushroom Recipe Chantrelle Mushroom</a> that &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115&#13&#10&#108&#101&#97&#114&#110&#101&#100 &#108&#101&#115&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 local plants and mushrooms through usage &#97&#110&#100 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115&#13&#10&#101&#108&#115&#101&#119&#104&#101&#114&#101 in &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#111&#114&#108&#100&#46 &#77&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#44 early cultural knowledge of European psychoactive plants and mushrooms was lost or destroyed at some time in history, probably &#97&#115 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#97&#115 &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108 hundred years ago. The discovery <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/fact_about_shrooms/identifying_shrooms.shtml" title="Fact About Shrooms Identifying Shrooms" alt="Fact About Shrooms Identifying Shrooms" >Fact About Shrooms Identifying Shrooms</a> that the fly agaric mushroom &#40&#65&#109&#97&#110&#105&#116&#97 &#109&#117&#115&#99&#97&#114&#105&#97&#41 &#119&#97&#115 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 for its psychoactive properties in Siberia invited &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#99&#108&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 was used as a psychotropic agent &#105&#110 &#109&#101&#100&#105&#101&#118&#97&#108 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101 &#97&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108&#46 In fact, there is &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#108&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#102&#114&#111&#109 the Middle Ages to indicate widespread knowledge of &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 on human consciousness.<br> &#72&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#73 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116 past &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#115&#13&#10&#111&#110 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 causally linked to Amanita muscaria simply &#98&#101&#99&#97&#117&#115&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#119&#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#111&#110&#108&#121 known psychotropic &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#105&#110 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101 &#97&#116&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 time. While the usage of Amanita muscaria among Siberian tribes has generated reports of spectacular hallucinations, European accounts of fly &#97&#103&#97&#114&#105&#99 &#105&#110&#116&#111&#120&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#100&#111 &#110&#111&#116 generally include descriptions &#111&#102 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#115&#101&#108&#121 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#97&#116&#111&#114&#121&#13&#10&#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103&#108&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101 potent hallucinogenic effects of specific Psilocybes and related species are &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121 &#116&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#104&#97&#100 a much more significant influence &#111&#110 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 than &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#108&#105&#114&#105&#117&#109&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#105&#110&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 &#98&#121 Amanita muscaria, a species that is also known to induce unconsciousness and severe somatic side &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#105&#115 &#104&#121&#112&#111&#116&#104&#101&#115&#105&#115 &#105&#115 &#99&#111&#114&#114&#111&#98&#111&#114&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#98&#121 data from comprehensive field &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#100&#117&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#46&#13&#10&#73 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116 historic accounts including those described below - indicate &#97 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 &#111&#102 </p> More than half of Australia's beef cattle can be found in the coastal areas of Queensland and New South Wales; and the 20 to 30 inch (500-750mm) rainfall belt of Queensland, New South Wales and Northern Victoria, generally provide adequate climatic environments for the growth of psilocybian mushrooms, especially after heavy rains. It has been suggested that "Psilocybe cubensis was introduced into Australia accidentally by early settlers along with their livestock." This same spore dispersal mechanism also probably applies to Copelandia cyanescens, Panaeolus subbalteatus and several additional species known to occur in or around the dung of other ruminants. This includes Psilocybe semilanceata and the non-hallucinogenic "haymaker's" mushroom Panaeolina foenisecii. While cattle are raised in all Australian states, as well as in the central lowlands, recreational users have been known to export these psychoptic species to various areas in Australia from areas where they were collected. In the case of New Zealand, hereafter referred to as NZ, cattle are the primary source for Copelandia cyanescens, but the "liberty cap" mushroom Psilocybe semilanceata only grows in the manured soil of four-legged ruminants and not directly from manure (Jansen, Pers. Comm., 1988). The identification section of this guide documents reported locations for more than 1 dozen species of psilocybian mushrooms in Australia and NZ which most likely have been used at one time or another for recreational purposes. More than half of Australia's beef cattle can be found in the coastal areas of Queensland and New South Wales; and the 20 to 30 inch (500-750mm) rainfall belt of Queensland, New South Wales and Northern Victoria, generally provide adequate climatic environments for the growth of psilocybian mushrooms, especially after heavy rains. It has been suggested that "Psilocybe cubensis was introduced into Australia accidentally by early settlers along with their livestock." This same spore dispersal mechanism also probably applies to Copelandia cyanescens, Panaeolus subbalteatus and several additional species known to occur in or around the dung of other ruminants. This includes Psilocybe semilanceata and the non-hallucinogenic "haymaker's" mushroom Panaeolina foenisecii. While cattle are raised in all Australian states, as well as in the central lowlands, recreational users have been known to export these psychoptic species to various areas in Australia from areas where they were collected. In the case of New Zealand, hereafter referred to as NZ, cattle are the primary source for Copelandia cyanescens, but the "liberty cap" mushroom Psilocybe semilanceata only grows in the manured soil of four-legged ruminants and not directly from manure (Jansen, Pers. Comm., 1988). The identification section of this guide documents reported locations for more than 1 dozen species of psilocybian mushrooms in Australia and NZ which most likely have been used at one time or another for recreational purposes. &#117&#108&#105&#110&#97&#114&#121&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#98&#101&#97&#114&#115 &#110&#111&#13&#10&#114&#101&#115&#101&#109&#98&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44 either in &#115&#105&#122&#101 &#111&#114 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#44 &#116&#111 Inocybe aeruginascens. Overall, &#104&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101&#13&#10&#117&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101 &#99&#97&#115&#101&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101 also &#99&#111&#110&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#111&#117&#114&#13&#10&#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#115&#116&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#102 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 biochemistry. In this context, &#73 &#119&#97&#110&#116 &#116&#111 &#101&#109&#112&#104&#97&#115&#105&#122&#101&#13&#10&#111&#110&#99&#101 more that the hallucinogenic varieties among the Inocybes &#99&#97&#110 &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 &#98&#101 &#109&#105&#115&#116&#97&#107&#101&#110 for those muscarine-producing Inocybe species that are &#101&#120&#116&#114&#101&#109&#101&#108&#121 &#112&#111&#105&#115&#111&#110&#111&#117&#115&#46&#13&#10&#65&#115 &#112&#97&#114&#116 &#111&#102 his investigation &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115&#44 &#71&#117&#122&#109&#97&#110 &#110&#111&#116&#101&#100 a common trait &#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 in addition to the bluing reaction: a flour-like smell or taste. Apart &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#104&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116&#13&#10&#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101 of our sense of &#115&#109&#101&#108&#108 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#116&#97&#115&#116&#101&#44 &#97 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110 odor is a trait that definitely does &#110&#111&#116 &#97&#112&#112&#108&#121 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/mushroominmulch.shtml" title="Mushroominmulch" alt="Mushroominmulch" >Mushroominmulch</a> <H1>Are Hypholoma Psychedelic?</H1> European species &#40&#97&#108&#115&#111&#13&#10&#115&#101&#101 &#67&#104&#97&#112&#116&#101&#114 &#51&#46&#50&#41&#46&#13&#10&#77&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#111&#114 Mycophobe? There are reports from the Western United &#83&#116&#97&#116&#101&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#112&#101&#111&#112&#108&#101 &#119&#105&#116&#104 expert knowledge of Psilocybe semilanceata &#45&#13&#10&#100&#101&#118&#111&#116&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#104&#117&#110&#116&#101&#114&#115 &#119&#104&#111 can identify the species &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#100&#114&#105&#108&#108 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#99&#99&#117&#114&#97&#99&#121&#46 At the same time, however, these experts cannot identify easily spotted common table mushrooms, &#110&#111&#114 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#97&#98&#108&#101 to differentiate the Agaricus &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#40&#99&#104&#97&#109&#112&#105&#103&#110&#111&#110&#115&#41 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#44 even when these species grow on the same pasture.<br> Such individuals, then, are not interested in species other than &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#46 &#73&#110 &#109&#121 &#111&#112&#105&#110&#105&#111&#110&#44 this attitude reflects a rare combination &#111&#102 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#111&#98&#105&#97&#46&#13&#10&#65 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#39&#115 spore dust provides important information needed to determine identity. A spore print is left by the gills when the cap is placed on black &#111&#114 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101 &#112&#97&#112&#101&#114&#13&#10&#40&#100&#101&#112&#101&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 spore color). As &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#99&#101&#115&#115&#13&#10&#116&#97&#107&#101&#115 &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/magic_mushroom_identification_nsw.shtml" title="Magic Mushroom Identification Nsw" alt="Magic Mushroom Identification Nsw" >Magic Mushroom Identification Nsw</a> &#104&#111&#117&#114&#115&#44 a glass vessel must be placed over the cap to prevent &#100&#114&#121&#105&#110&#103&#46 &#87&#104&#105&#108&#101&#13&#10&#117&#115&#101&#102&#117&#108&#44 &#105&#110&#102&#111&#114&#109&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#98&#116&#97&#105&#110&#101&#100 from &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101&#13&#10&#97&#110&#97&#108&#121&#115&#101&#115 &#104&#97&#115 &#105&#116&#115 &#108&#105&#109&#105&#116&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 For instance, spores &#100&#101&#114&#105&#118&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#105&#110&#103 to different genera &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#97&#109&#101 color, &#98&#117&#116&#13&#10&#114&#101&#118&#101&#97&#108 &#98&#97&#115&#105&#99 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114 the &#109&#105&#99&#114&#111&#115&#99&#111&#112&#101&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#115 &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#97 high degree of similarity among spores from different Psilocybe species. Thus, the only way &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#101&#118&#101&#110&#116 &#103&#114&#97&#118&#101 &#101&#114&#114&#111&#114&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#112&#111&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 deadly intoxications is to rely on experienced experts for mushroom identification, a &#112&#114&#111&#99&#101&#115&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#13&#10&#97&#110&#97&#108&#121&#115&#105&#115 of available &#101&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#100&#97&#116&#97&#46&#13&#10&#67&#72&#65&#80&#84&#69&#82 &#53&#13&#10&#84&#72&#69 &#66&#76&#85&#73&#78&#71 PHENOMENON &#65&#78&#68 &#77&#69&#84&#79&#76&#13&#10&#84&#69&#83&#84&#73&#78&#71&#58 &#82&#69&#65&#76&#73&#84&#89 &#86&#83&#46 WISHFUL THINKING As previously discussed in Chapters 3.1 and 3.7, the bluing reaction is characteristic of species that produce psilocybin. Still, &#102&#111&#114&#13&#10&#117&#110&#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#114&#101&#97&#115&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 or samples belonging to &#97 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#117&#115&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 turns blue may &#110&#111&#116 &#97&#108&#119&#97&#121&#115 &#99&#104&#97&#110&#103&#101 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 regardless of psilocybin content. Among the &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#73&#13&#10&#104&#97&#118&#101 &#101&#120&#97&#109&#105&#110&#101&#100&#44 Psilocybe bohemica displayed the most impressive bluing reaction. The caps of this species &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110 &#118&#101&#114&#121&#13&#10&#113&#117&#105&#99&#107&#108&#121 &#105&#110 &#114&#101&#97&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 to pressure. &#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#115&#117&#99&#104 &#97&#115 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 cubensis (Earle) Sing. have stems that develop very intensely &#98&#108&#117&#101&#13&#10&#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#99&#97&#112&#115 do not exhibit the bluing reaction. 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