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<body> <div id="container"> <div id="header"> <from name="from1" id="from1" method="post" action=""> <input type="text" name="textfield" value="......" /> <input class=" button" type="submit" name="Submit" value="GO" /> </from> <h1> los angeles places to shroom</h1> <p>Texas Texas Texas Cubensis</p> </div> <div id="tabs10"> <ul> <li><a href="/" title="Link 1"><span>Home</span></a></li> <li><a href="/forum magic forum.html" title="Link 2"><span> Conocybe Cyanopus</span></a></li> <li><a href="/ Drying Magic Mushroom.html" title="Link 3"><span>FIND WHERE WHERE TO MUSHROOM</span></a></li> <li><a href="/breen breen.html" title="Link 4"><span> magic mushroom forum</span></a></li> <li><a href="/ los angeles places to shroom.html" title="Link 5"><span> magic mushroom potency chart</span></a></li> <li><a href="/ find shrooms.html" title="Link 6"><span> best part of texas to find magic mushrooms</span></a></li> <li><a href="/ copelandia bispora.html" title="Link 7"><span> conocybe cyanopus</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="container2"> <div id="content"> <h2> Psilocybe cyan</h2> <p>Most users of the psychoactive visionary mushrooms have very little knowledge of their scientific names. Instead, they have given their favorite species local epithets which are commonly used by those who collect and ingest them. Some of these popular names are also known and applied by users outside of Australia and NZ. "Magic Mushrooms" is the most common term applied to any mushroom which contains psilocybine and/or psilocine. It was invented by a Life Magazine editor in l957 ( see Wasson, l957). Psilocybe cubensis is known in Australia as "golden tops", "gold tops" or sometimes "gold caps." The Australian epithets may have been given to this species by members of a local, drugusing group of surfers which frequented the Gold Coast region of Eastern Australia; however, some of these names have apparently been used to describe several different species of Psilocybe by users in Australia (see Allen, 1997). As mentioned above, Psilocybe cubensis is not known to occur in New Zealand. Those who ingest Copelandia cyanescens, known in Australia and New Zealand as "blue meanies", also refer to this species as "Blue Legs", "golden tops" or "gold caps". The latter two nicknames, as well as "dimple tops" and "cone heads", are common terms applied to Copelandia cyanescens in the Hawaiian Islands; and some of these same popular names have also been used by visiting surfers from both New Zealand and Australia, to describe the macroscopic characteristics of Copelandia cyanescens. These same surfers visiting Hawaii's North Shore have reportedly ingested mushrooms prior to surfing, as do many of the locally based surfers in Australia and NZ. Dosages for Psilocybe australiana Guzmán & Watling, Psilocybe eucalypta Guzmán & <br /><br /> <img border="3" src="/images/Coin-Information-Shrooms-Pic.jpg" > <p align="center"> &#111&#119&#110&#13&#10&#99&#97&#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#100&#101&#97&#116&#104 and disease, &#98&#108&#111&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#115&#116&#111&#109&#97&#99&#104&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#105&#110&#115&#97&#110&#105&#116&#121&#46 &#66&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#104 as these have survived to the present day. They persist, &#102&#111&#114 &#101&#120&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#44&#44&#44 &#97&#115&#13&#10&#102&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#111&#102 speech, s u c h as the &#115&#108&#105&#99&#107 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#110&#13&#10&#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#97 societal misfit as someone "who ate those madness-inducing &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#46&#34&#13&#10&#66&#117&#116&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#115 &#97&#110&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 very different, magic mushroom legacy as &#119&#101&#108&#108&#46&#13&#10&#70&#108&#101&#115&#104 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#71&#111&#100&#115 for Devil &#87&#111&#114&#115&#104&#105&#112&#112&#101&#114&#115&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#79&#108&#100 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#46 &#77&#121&#99&#101&#110&#97&#101&#97&#110 civilization began with a mushroom trip -Mushrooms were an ingredient in the ambrosia of Dionysus.<br> Porphyrius, the fourth century Latin poet &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#101&#109&#112&#111&#114&#97&#114&#121 &#111&#102 &#69&#109&#112&#101&#114&#111&#114 &#75&#111&#110&#115&#116&#97&#110&#116&#105&#110&#44 &#107&#110&#101&#119&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 magic mushrooms were the children of the gods. WHO WAS THE FIRST &#77&#65&#71&#73&#67&#73&#65&#78&#63&#13&#10&#65 &#113&#117&#97&#115&#105&#45&#99&#97&#110&#110&#105&#98&#97&#108&#105&#115&#116&#105&#99 &#114&#105&#116&#117&#97&#108&#44 &#116&#104&#101 act of eating the children of &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#111&#100&#115 &#117&#110&#108&#111&#99&#107&#101&#100 &#111&#110&#101&#39&#115 power to experience the &#116&#114&#117&#108&#121 &#100&#105&#118&#105&#110&#101&#46 &#66&#117&#116 &#110&#111&#116 &#97&#108&#108&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 enable human beings to enter &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#97&#108&#109 &#111&#102 &#100&#105&#118&#105&#110&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#46 This magic power resides in only those fungi known as "fool's mushrooms", which &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#112&#111&#105&#115&#111&#110&#111&#117&#115&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101&#100 to be the <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/Psilocybecubensisinkansas.htm" title="Psilocybecubensisinkansas" alt="Psilocybecubensisinkansas" >Psilocybecubensisinkansas</a> spawn &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#68&#101&#118&#105&#108&#13&#10&#116&#104&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#101 late Middle Ages and well into modern times. The New World: The Aztecs in Mexico referred to a number of &#115&#109&#97&#108&#108&#44 &#105&#110&#99&#111&#110&#115&#112&#105&#99&#117&#111&#117&#115&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#115 &#116&#101&#111&#110&#97&#114&#116&#97&#99&#97&#116&#108&#44 or &#34&#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#71&#111&#100&#115&#46&#34 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 sacred mushrooms were eaten during the &#99&#111&#117&#114&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#114&#105&#116&#117&#97&#108&#115 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#100&#101&#100 to contact the Gods in order to learn &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#111&#114&#108&#100 &#97&#110&#100 the realm &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#105&#118&#105&#110&#101&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushroom rituals &#116&#104&#111&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#115&#112&#111&#111&#107&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#116&#104&#111&#108&#105&#99&#13&#10&#83&#112&#97&#110&#105&#97&#114&#100&#115&#46 The &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#101&#97&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110&#108&#121&#13&#10&#116&#104&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 &#111&#102 as Devil &#119&#111&#114&#115&#104&#105&#112&#112&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#104&#111&#117&#110&#100&#101&#100&#13&#10&#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101 Inquisition. Still, &#97&#108&#108 &#103&#111&#111&#100 &#116&#104&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#115&#117&#114&#118&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 tests &#111&#102 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#115&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#117&#108&#116 of magic mushroom eaters did not become &#101&#120&#116&#105&#110&#99&#116&#46 &#76&#105&#107&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97&#13&#10&#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#103&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100&#44 &#116&#104&#101 cult continued to flourish, and at &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114 &#116&#105&#109&#101 &#105&#110 recorded history, &#105&#110 &#49&#57&#53&#55&#44&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116 &#111&#102 the fully grown mushroom re-surfaced to draw widespread &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#99 &#97&#116&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#86&#97&#108&#101&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#71&#111&#114&#100&#111&#110 Wasson became &#116&#104&#101 &#104&#101&#114&#111&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#111&#100&#101&#114&#110 neo-mycophilic movement. Back to the Old World: The revelations and insights gained from the use of psychoactive mushrooms were so &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#119&#111&#110&#100&#101&#114&#102&#117&#108&#44 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#13&#10&#111&#117&#114 &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 European "fool's mushrooms" - which were gene ; &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#101&#100&#105&#98&#108&#101 &#45 &#104&#97&#100 to be recognized &#97&#115 &#99&#108&#111&#115&#101&#108&#121 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 the magic mushrooms of &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 &#111&#102 the Aztec Gods. The souls of magic &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#105&#110 &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121 are essentially made &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#97&#109&#101&#13&#10&#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#58 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#74&#111&#99&#104&#101&#110 Gartz has &#109&#97&#100&#101 &#97&#110 &#101&#120&#116&#114&#97&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#97&#114&#121&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 field of &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#121 &#98&#121 &#101&#109&#98&#114&#97&#99&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#39&#115 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushrooms and the scientific study and testing &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#13&#10&#101&#102&#102&#111&#114&#116&#115 &#117&#112&#111&#110 which this &#98&#111&#111&#107 &#105&#115 &#98&#97&#115&#101&#100 &#114&#101&#113&#117&#105&#114&#101&#13&#10&#110&#111&#116&#104&#105&#110&#103 less than a fearless, brave and &#99&#111&#117&#114&#97&#103&#101&#111&#117&#115&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#44 &#102&#114&#101&#101 &#111&#102 &#112&#114&#101&#106&#117&#100&#105&#99&#101 and mycophobia.<br> I am convinced that a researcher's consciousness infused by the spirit of the &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#99&#97&#112&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#111&#102 far deeper &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#105&#110&#115&#105&#103&#104&#116&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#119&#101&#13&#10&#99&#97&#110 ever &#101&#120&#112&#101&#99&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#117&#115&#117&#97&#108 ivory tower academics, &#105&#115&#111&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#114&#101&#97&#108&#105&#116&#121 </p> own cause of death and disease, bloated stomachs and insanity. Beliefs such as these have survived to the present day. They persist, for example,,, as figures of speech, s u c h as the slick Austrian description of a societal misfit as someone "who ate those madness-inducing mushrooms." But, there is another, very different, magic mushroom legacy as well. Flesh of the Gods for Devil Worshippers The Old World. Mycenaean civilization began with a mushroom trip -Mushrooms were an ingredient in the ambrosia of Dionysus. Porphyrius, the fourth century Latin poet and contemporary of Emperor Konstantin, knew that magic mushrooms were the children of the gods. WHO WAS THE FIRST MAGICIAN? A quasi-cannibalistic ritual, the act of eating the children of the gods unlocked one's power to experience the truly divine. But not all mushrooms enable human beings to enter the realm of divine consciousness. This magic power resides in only those fungi known as "fool's mushrooms", which were considered poisonous and believed to be the spawn of the Devil throughout the late Middle Ages and well into modern times. The New World: The Aztecs in Mexico referred to a number of small, inconspicuous mushrooms as teonartacatl, or "flesh of the Gods." These sacred mushrooms were eaten during the course of rituals intended to contact the Gods in order to learn about the world and the realm of the divine. These magic mushroom rituals thoroughly spooked the Catholic Spaniards. The mushroom eaters, commonly thought of as Devil worshippers, were hounded by the Inquisition. Still, all good things survive the tests of time, so the cult of magic mushroom eaters did not become extinct. Like mycelia underground, the cult continued to flourish, and at the proper time in recorded history, in 1957, the fruit of the fully grown mushroom re-surfaced to draw widespread public attention. Valentine and Gordon Wasson became the heroes of the modern neo-mycophilic movement. Back to the Old World: The revelations and insights gained from the use of psychoactive mushrooms were so magically wonderful, that our native European "fool's mushrooms" - which were gene ; considered inedible - had to be recognized as closely related to the magic mushrooms of Mexico, the flesh of the Aztec Gods. The souls of magic mushrooms in Mexico and Germany are essentially made from the same substance: psilocybin. Jochen Gartz has made an extraordinary contribution to the field of mycology by embracing Germany's magic mushrooms and the scientific study and testing of these fungi. The research efforts upon which this book is based require nothing less than a fearless, brave and courageous consciousness, free of prejudice and mycophobia. I am convinced that a researcher's consciousness infused by the spirit of the magic mushroom is capable of far deeper scientific insights than we can ever expect from the usual ivory tower academics, isolated from reality<br /> </p> <h2> Psilocybe cubensis east texas</h2> <p> As they say, ʼTis the season to be pickingʼ, but make Existing evidence indicates that man in the Old World —Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia—has made less use of native plants and shrubs for their hallucinogenic properties than has man in the New World. There is little reason to believe that the vegetation of one half of the globe is poorer or richer in species with hallucinogenic properties than the other half. Why, then, should there be such disparity? Has man in the Old World simply not discovered many of the native hallucinogenic plants? Are some of them too toxic in other ways to be utilized? Or has man in the Old World been culturally less interested in narcotics? We have no real answer. But we do know that the Old World has fewer known species employed hallucinogenically than does the New World: compared with only 15 or 20 species used in the Eastern Hemisphere, the species used hallucinogenically in the Western Hemisphere number more than 100! Yet some of the Old World hallucinogens today hold places of primacy throughout the world. Cannabis, undoubtedly the most widespread of all the hallucinogens, is perhaps the best example. The several solanaceous ingredients of medieval witches' brews—henbane, nightshade, belladonna, and mandrake—greatly influenced European philosophy, medicine, and even history for many years. Some played an extraordinarily vital religious role in the early Aryan cultures of northern India. The role of hallucinogens in the cultural and social development of many areas of the Old World is only now being investigated. At every turn, its exte a have been reported from the following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, Wales, Italy and Spain. Unfortunately, there are no comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution pattern. Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected relatively tiny species, such as Psilocybe semilanceata, that tend to share their habitats with other, more prominent species. The sarcastic phrase "The mushrooms occur in abundance wherever mycologists abound" is particularly pertinent in reference to the Psilocybe species. Prior to the discovery of psilocybin, the Psilocybe genus languished in the literature, shrouded in obscurity. To this day, few 189. Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. Worthless] The cap is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, with a pointy or obtuse center forming an almost wart-like protrusion; initially, caps are often taller than they are wide, margins are bent and curved inward; later on, width of cap is 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; coloration is a dirtyish olive-brown when wet, with translucent striate margins; at the center, coloration is ocher or greenish-yellow against an overall shade of smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; only the margins are banded by a darkcolored, watery stripe around the edge. No stripes or banding evident when mushrooms are completely dried. Lacking a veil, caps are thin-fleshed, bald, with an easily separable pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky for a long time, turning shiny when dry. Gills are olive brown to blackish purple brown in color, with the edges often remaining white, gill spacing is quite crowded; gill attachment is either roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; attached at the stem only, fully detached later on. Spores are elongated to ellipitical in shape, smooth and large, measuring 12-16 u by 6-8,u. Color of spore dust is blackish purple brown. Stem is very slender, almost uniformly thin and always twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm thick, yellowish or whitish in color; areas subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth and roughly at the center, cortinate fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which is brittle and lined with a white fibrous cord of wool-like texture. When dry, the flesh of the cap is colored pale yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher brown in color, especially towards the bottom. It is odorless and its flavor is mild. The mushroom grows from August to October, frequently in gregarious clusters, and can be found in pastures and along roadways, growing on dung that has undergone complete decomposition. It is not a particularly rare species. Figure 11(above) This excellent description of Psilocybe semilanceata by Michael & Schulz (1927) is shown here as originally published in German, with an English translation. Mycologists sp <p align="right"> Those who ingest Copelandia <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/pictureofdunglovermushrooms.htm" title="Pictureofdunglovermushrooms" alt="Pictureofdunglovermushrooms" >Pictureofdunglovermushrooms</a> cyanescens, known <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/100-25-identification-of-liberty-caps.htm" title="100 25 Identification Of Liberty Caps" alt="100 25 Identification Of Liberty Caps" >100 25 Identification Of Liberty Caps</a> in </p> Mind-altering (psilocybine containing) mushrooms have been traditionally used in religious healing and curing ceremonies by native It has been suggested by an Australian physician that the general public in Australia, as well as members of its drug using subculture, <br /> </p> <h2> los angeles places to shroom</h2> <p>, and who gorge themselves on our tax dollars. I met Jochen Gartz shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall at the third symposium of the European College for the Study of Consciousness (ECSC) in Freiburg, Germany. Our encounter was my first contact with a researcher from the former East Germany. Jochen Gartz's enthusiastic lecture was a truly consciousnessexpanding event, his words breaking down traditional borders and crossing over into new territory. The magic mushrooms spoke through him - with no trace of dogma or ideology - in the tradition of true anarchy that is the hallmark of mushroom magic. What I heard was unbelievable. Jochen spoke of a "new" psychedelic mushroom and its migration. The mycelia had spread in concentric circles outward from Leipzig, jumping all political borders. Finally, when the mycelia reached West German soil, the hated Berlin Wall crumbled. Could there possibly be a connection between the evolution of the magic mushroom and the evolution of our consciousness? Could a mushroom have contributed to the resolution of our political conflicts? In the past, politicians, even popes, had their own jesters and magicians, who functioned as pressure release valves in the machinations of political power struggles. It is obvious that a country whose chancellor is being pelted with eggs, urgently needs a new breed of magician who are able to readjust reality. But today, no aspiring magician should go about this task without this book as a guide for the wondrous journey into the realm of magic mushrooms. Christian Rdtsch Figure 5 - "Anthropomorphic Beings Engaged in Mushroom Dance" 10,000-year-old rock drawing in Tassili, Sahara (Algeria) CHAPTER 1 I BELIEVE THE TIME HAS COME FOR A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF NEW FINDINGS FROM THE FIELDS OF MYCOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY When R.G. Wasson, R. Heim and A. Hofmann began their interdisciplinary research program to study the Mexican species of mushrooms and their usage in Mexican mushroom cults, their efforts culminated in a 1958 landmark report that described the isolation, molecular structure and synthesis of the mushrooms' active ingredients: psilocybin and psilocin. Several years later, these substances were also identified in a species of mushroom in Europe, Psilocybe semilanceata, which became the first in a series of newly discovered species. Since then, psychoactive mushrooms from other genera have been reported with increasing frequency. As part of my analytical work dedicated to the identification of naturally occurring chemicals, I had the good fortune to be part of a research team that studied alkaloids found in a variety of mushroom species. Now I believe the time has come for a comprehensive review of new findings from the fields of mycology, taxonomy and natural products chemistry. Wasson and his successors have already provided detailed accounts pertaining to the history and study of the Me The question of dosage is often confused by the variation in the source of the hallucinogenic mushroom species which is consumed. as well. Below are some excerpts from his research protocols: J.H. (a 24-year-old male) ingested four cooked mushrooms at night, after a meal (!), and then ate another three fresh mushrooms 30 minutes later. This was followed by regurgitation, and 45 minutes later, he started to sweat profusely all over his head and body. His pulse rate and breathing were accelerated, but slowed down later on. He laid down and experienced visual hallucinations, which caused him to panic and to run a distance of about 1,200 ft. to consult the nearest doctor. The physician noted widely dilated pupils, and proceeded to have the patient's stomach pumped and then prescribed laxatives. Three hours later, the abnormal state had largely subsided; by the next morning, there was no evidence of any other side effects. M.K. (a 22-year-old male) ate just one fresh mushroom, which had no effects at all. K .Y. (a 31-year-old male) ate five mushrooms. Regurgitation occurred 30 minutes after ingestion, followed by sweating around the head and body; his extremities appeared to be slightly paralyzed. This paralysis persisted for another three hours. During this time, the subject had great difficulties handling a pen for writing, his mood was depressed and he experienced hallucinations, such as colorful lights flooding down from the sky. By the following morning, all of these effects had dissipated. The fresh fruiting bodies were bitter, a taste that disappeared after the mushrooms had been cooked in water. The above experiments are rather amateurish, and the descriptions of results are heavily influenced by a simplistic perspective which assumes that the mushrooms's pharmacological effects proceed along a single, narrow track. Still, these accounts demonstrate that comparable dosages of Japanese mushroom species have psychotropic effects similar to those caused by Psilocybe species found on other continents. Much work still remains to be done in the areas of phytochemistry and taxonomy before the body of knowledge about psychotropic mushroom species in Japan can grow to become adequate. The geographic distribution and ingredients of the Japanese Panaeolus species must also be studied further. For instance, Panaeolus subbalteatus is one of the species that are growing on several Japanese islands today. CHAPTER 7.6 INTOXICATIONS AND THE OLDEST KNOWN MUSHROOM CULT IN AFRICA So far, the mycoflora of the African continent has been studied only peripherally and remains largely unknown. During the late 1980s, Italian mycologist G. Samorini and Terence McKenna, working independently, found evidence for the oldest known mushroom cult in Africa. Their discoveries were not just sensational, but most surprising as well. On the other hand, it really shouldn't come as a surprise that the oldest traces of human contact with mushrooms were found on the very continent known as the cradle of humanity. 10,000 Years Old From 9,000 to The Mazatec Indians, who have a long tradition of using the mushrooms, inhabit a range of mountains called the Sierra Mazateca in the northeastern corner of the Mexican state of Oaxaca. The shamans in this essay are all natives of the town of Huautla de Jimenez. Properly speaking they are Huautecans; but since the language they speak has been called Mazatec and they have been referred to in the previous anthropological literature as Mazatecs, I have retained that name, though strictly speaking, Mazatecs are the inhabitants of the village of Mazatlan in the same mountains. <p align="right"> CATTLE AS A &#80&#79&#83&#83&#73&#66&#76&#69 &#68&#73&#83&#80&#69&#82&#83&#65&#76 &#77&#69&#67&#72&#65&#78&#73&#83&#77 &#70&#79&#82 PSYCHOACTIVE DUNG FUNGI One &#109&#97&#121 &#97&#115&#107 &#116&#104&#101 &#113&#117&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 "how did these mushrooms arrive in Australia and &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#63&#34 &#87&#101&#108&#108 &#115&#111&#109&#101 species may &#98&#101 &#101&#110&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#44&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#121 were already &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121&#46 &#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#104 as &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 &#100&#117&#110&#103&#45&#105&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 most likelyappeared after the introduction &#111&#102 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101 subcontinent.The first livestock to arrive in Australia &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 Cape of Good Hope in1788, &#97&#110&#100 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#50 &#98&#117&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#53 cows, along with other domesticated &#102&#97&#114&#109 &#97&#110&#105&#109&#97&#108&#115&#46 &#66&#121&#108&#56&#48&#51&#44 &#116&#104&#101 government owned approximately &#49&#56&#48&#48 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101&#44 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#111&#102 which were importedfrom &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#112&#101&#44 &#67&#97&#108&#99&#117&#116&#116&#97&#44 &#97&#110&#100 the west &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#46 &#73&#116 was during this period thatsome of the visionary mushrooms mentioned in this field guide probably first appeared &#105&#110&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#40&#85&#110&#115&#105&#103&#110&#101&#100&#44 &#49&#57&#55&#51&#41&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 to Australian mycologist &#74&#111&#104&#110 &#66&#117&#114&#116&#111&#110 &#67&#108&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#40&#49&#57&#51&#52&#41&#44 &#34&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 growing in cow or horse-dung &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#115&#117&#99&#104 habitats, must in thecase of Australia, all belong to &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#100 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#34&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 believed to have been the &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104&#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#98&#101&#101&#116&#108&#101 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 may have actually spread the spores. According to Englishmycologist Roy Watling of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Glasgow, &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#34&#105&#116 &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#98&#101&#114&#101&#109&#101&#109&#98&#101&#114&#101&#100 that fungi can change substrate preferences and there &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#112&#114&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#111&#117&#115&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#111&#110 &#107&#97&#110&#103&#97&#114&#111&#111 droppings etc." Some mycologists who have studied the "magicmushrooms" &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#90 claim that the "use of P. cubensis &#97&#115 &#97 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#100&#114&#117&#103&#116&#101&#110&#100&#115 to confirm the belief that &#91&#115&#111&#109&#101&#93 &#102&#97&#114&#109&#101&#114&#115 &#105&#110 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 times may have] added one or two basidiomes gilled mushrooms] to &#97 &#109&#101&#97&#108&#116&#111 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#110 &#105&#116 up &#91&#97&#110&#100 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 &#100&#111&#93 &#77&#97&#114&#103&#111&#116 & Watling, 1981)." CATTLE AS A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE DUNG FUNGI One may ask the &#113&#117&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#34&#104&#111&#119 &#100&#105&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 mushrooms &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 New Zealand?" &#87&#101&#108&#108 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#109&#97&#121 be &#101&#110&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#44&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#119&#101&#114&#101 already &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121&#46 &#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 such as the above described &#100&#117&#110&#103&#45&#105&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 after the introduction &#111&#102 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116&#46&#84&#104&#101 first livestock &#116&#111 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 were brought from the Cape of Good &#72&#111&#112&#101 &#105&#110&#49&#55&#56&#56&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 2 bulls and &#53 &#99&#111&#119&#115&#44 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#119&#105&#116&#104 other &#100&#111&#109&#101&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#97&#114&#109 &#97&#110&#105&#109&#97&#108&#115&#46 &#66&#121&#108&#56&#48&#51&#44 the government owned &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#120&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121 &#49&#56&#48&#48 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101&#44 &#109&#111&#115&#116 of which were importedfrom the Cape, Calcutta, and &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#101&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#46 &#73&#116 was during this period thatsome of the visionary &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 field guide probably first appeared inAustralia (Unsigned, 1973). According to Australian mycologist John Burton Cleland(1934), "fungi growing &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#119 &#111&#114 &#104&#111&#114&#115&#101&#45&#100&#117&#110&#103 and confined &#116&#111 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115&#44 &#109&#117&#115&#116 in &#116&#104&#101&#99&#97&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#44 &#97&#108&#108 belong to introduced species".<br> It is believed to have been the SouthAfrican dung beetle which may have actually spread &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 Englishmycologist &#82&#111&#121 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 Royal &#66&#111&#116&#97&#110&#105&#99 &#71&#97&#114&#100&#101&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#71&#108&#97&#115&#103&#111&#119&#44 Scotland, "it must beremembered that &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#99&#97&#110 &#99&#104&#97&#110&#103&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#114&#97&#116&#101 preferences and there are coprophilousfungi on &#107&#97&#110&#103&#97&#114&#111&#111 &#100&#114&#111&#112&#112&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#101&#116&#99&#46&#34 &#83&#111&#109&#101 mycologists who <H3> mushrooms in southeast texas</H3> &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 in Australia and NZ claim that the "use of P. &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#97&#115 &#97 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 drugtends to confirm the belief that some] farmers in early times may have] added one &#111&#114 &#116&#119&#111 &#98&#97&#115&#105&#100&#105&#111&#109&#101&#115 &#103&#105&#108&#108&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#93 to a mealto liven it up and still do] Margot & Watling, &#49&#57&#56&#49&#41&#46&#34&#13&#10&#13&#10&#67&#65&#84&#84&#76&#69 &#65&#83 &#65 &#80&#79&#83&#83&#73&#66&#76&#69 DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE DUNG FUNGI One may ask &#116&#104&#101 &#113&#117&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#34&#104&#111&#119 &#100&#105&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 in &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#63&#34 Well some species may be endemic,that is, they were already there naturally.<br> Other &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 above described &#100&#117&#110&#103&#45&#105&#110&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 after the introduction of cattle on the subcontinent.The &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#116&#111&#99&#107 &#116&#111 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 in &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 the Cape of Good Hope in1788, and &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#50 &#98&#117&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#110&#100 5 cows, along with other domesticated &#102&#97&#114&#109 &#97&#110&#105&#109&#97&#108&#115&#46 &#66&#121&#108&#56&#48&#51&#44 &#116&#104&#101 government owned &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#120&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121 &#49&#56&#48&#48 &#99&#97&#116&#116&#108&#101&#44 &#109&#111&#115&#116 of which were importedfrom the Cape, Calcutta, and the west coast of America. It was during this period thatsome of the visionary mushrooms mentioned in this field guide &#112&#114&#111&#98&#97&#98&#108&#121 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 (Unsigned, 1973). &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 John Burton Cleland(1934), "fungi growing in cow or horse-dung and confined to such habitats, must in thecase of Australia, all belong to introduced species". It is &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 the SouthAfrican dung beetle which &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#99&#116&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 the spores. According to Englishmycologist Roy Watling of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Glasgow, Scotland, "it &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#98&#101&#114&#101&#109&#101&#109&#98&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 can change substrate preferences and there are coprophilousfungi on kangaroo droppings etc." Some &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#119&#104&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 "magicmushrooms" in Australia &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#90 &#99&#108&#97&#105&#109 &#116&#104&#97&#116 the "use of &#80&#46 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#97&#115 &#97 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 drugtends to &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#114&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102 &#116&#104&#97&#116 some farmers in <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/differencebetweenbluemeaniesandgoldtops.htm" title="Differencebetweenbluemeaniesandgoldtops" alt="Differencebetweenbluemeaniesandgoldtops" >Differencebetweenbluemeaniesandgoldtops</a> early times may &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#100&#100&#101&#100 &#111&#110&#101 &#111&#114 two basidiomes &#91&#103&#105&#108&#108&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#116&#111 &#97 mealto liven it up and still do &#77&#97&#114&#103&#111&#116 &#38&#97&#109&#112&#59 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#49&#57&#56&#49&#41&#46&#34&#13&#10&#13&#10&#67&#65&#84&#84&#76&#69 &#65&#83 A POSSIBLE DISPERSAL MECHANISM FOR PSYCHOACTIVE DUNG FUNGI One &#109&#97&#121 &#97&#115&#107 &#116&#104&#101 &#113&#117&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 "how did &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#114&#105&#118&#101 <b> mushrooms in southeast texas</b> &#105&#110 Australia and New &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#63&#34 &#87&#101&#108&#108 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 may &#98&#101 &#101&#110&#100&#101&#109&#105&#99&#44&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#121 were already there naturally. Other &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 above described dung-inhabiting mushrooms most &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121&#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#116&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 of cattle on the subcontinent.<br>The first livestock to arrive in &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 the &#67&#97&#112&#101 &#111&#102 &#71&#111&#111&#100 &#72&#111&#112&#101 in1788, and &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#50 &#98&#117&#108&#108&#115 &#97&#110&#100 5 cows, along &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#100&#111&#109&#101&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#97&#114&#109 animals.<br> Byl803, &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#111&#118&#101&#114&#110&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#111&#119&#110&#101&#100 &#97&#112&#112&#114&#111&#120&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121 &#49&#56&#48&#48 cattle, most &#111&#102 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100&#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#112&#101&#44 &#67&#97&#108&#99&#117&#116&#116&#97&#44 &#97&#110&#100 the &#119&#101&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116 &#111&#102 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#46 &#73&#116 was during &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#112&#101&#114&#105&#111&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#115&#111&#109&#101 &#111&#102 the visionary &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 field guide probably first appeared inAustralia (Unsigned, 1973). According to Australian mycologist John Burton Cleland(1934), "fungi growing in cow or horse-dung &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#115&#117&#99&#104 habitats, &#109&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#99&#97&#115&#101 &#111&#102 Australia, all belong to introduced species". It is believed to have been the &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104&#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#98&#101&#101&#116&#108&#101 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 may have actually spread the &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101&#115&#46 &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104&#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116 &#82&#111&#121 Watling &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#82&#111&#121&#97&#108 &#66&#111&#116&#97&#110&#105&#99 Gardens in Glasgow, Scotland, "it must beremembered that &#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#99&#97&#110 &#99&#104&#97&#110&#103&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#114&#97&#116&#101 preferences and there &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#112&#114&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#111&#117&#115&#102&#117&#110&#103&#105 &#111&#110 &#107&#97&#110&#103&#97&#114&#111&#111 droppings etc." Some mycologists who &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 in &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#90 &#99&#108&#97&#105&#109 that &#116&#104&#101 &#34&#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#80&#46 cubensis as a recreational drugtends to confirm the belief that some farmers in early times &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#97&#100&#100&#101&#100 &#111&#110&#101 or two &#98&#97&#115&#105&#100&#105&#111&#109&#101&#115 &#103&#105&#108&#108&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#116&#111 &#97 mealto liven it up and still do Margot & Watling, &#49&#57&#56&#49&#41&#46&#34&#13&#10 </p> a have been reported from the following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, Wales, Italy and Spain. Unfortunately, there are no comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution pattern. Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected relatively tiny species, such as Psilocybe semilanceata, that tend to share their habitats with other, more prominent species. The sarcastic phrase "The mushrooms occur in abundance wherever mycologists abound" is particularly pertinent in reference to the Psilocybe species. Prior to the discovery of psilocybin, the Psilocybe genus languished in the literature, shrouded in obscurity. To this day, few 189. Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. Worthless] The cap is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, with a pointy or obtuse center forming an almost wart-like protrusion; initially, caps are often taller than they are wide, margins are bent and curved inward; later on, width of cap is 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; coloration is a dirtyish olive-brown when wet, with translucent striate margins; at the center, coloration is ocher or greenish-yellow against an overall shade of smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; only the margins are banded by a darkcolored, watery stripe around the edge. No stripes or banding evident when mushrooms are completely dried. Lacking a veil, caps are thin-fleshed, bald, with an easily separable pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky for a long time, turning shiny when dry. Gills are olive brown to blackish purple brown in color, with the edges often remaining white, gill spacing is quite crowded; gill attachment is either roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; attached at the stem only, fully detached later on. Spores are elongated to ellipitical in shape, smooth and large, measuring 12-16 u by 6-8,u. Color of spore dust is blackish purple brown. Stem is very slender, almost uniformly thin and always twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm thick, yellowish or whitish in color; areas subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth and roughly at the center, cortinate fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which is brittle and lined with a white fibrous cord of wool-like texture. When dry, the flesh of the cap is colored pale yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher brown in color, especially towards the bottom. It is odorless and its flavor is mild. The mushroom grows from August to October, frequently in gregarious clusters, and can be found in pastures and along roadways, growing on dung that has undergone complete decomposition. It is not a particularly rare species. Figure 11(above) This excellent description of Psilocybe semilanceata by Michael & Schulz (1927) is shown here as originally published in German, with an English translation. 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