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<body> <div id="container"> <div id="header"> <from name="from1" id="from1" method="post" action=""> <input type="text" name="textfield" value="......" /> <input class=" button" type="submit" name="Submit" value="GO" /> </from> <h1> Gymnopilus sp</h1> <p> weilii 2010</p> </div> <div id="tabs10"> <ul> <li><a href="/" title="Link 1"><span>Home</span></a></li> <li><a href="/ Contact.html" title="Link 2"><span>IDENTIFICATION IDENTIFICATION GYMNOPILUS</span></a></li> <li><a href="/ buy shrooms.html" title="Link 3"><span> legal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/ Gymnopilus sp. identification.html" title="Link 4"><span> Magic Mushroom Law</span></a></li> <li><a href="/ Forum.html" title="Link 5"><span> florida shrooms</span></a></li> <li><a href="/ Magic Mushroom Guide.html" title="Link 6"><span>East Texas East Cubensis</span></a></li> <li><a href="/ magic mushroom law.html" title="Link 7"><span> psychedelic shrooms found in west Texas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="container2"> <div id="content"> <h2> Gymnopilus sp. identification</h2> <p> JOCHEN GARTZ MAGIC MUSHROOMS Around the World A Scientific Journey Across Cultures and Time The Case for Challenging Research and Value Systems * LIS PUBLICATIONS * LOS ANGELES, CA* Figure 1 - Water Color Painting of Psilocybe semilanceata (Germany, 1927) TABLE OF CONTENT (With Active Links' Just Click On A Subject To Go To The Page) "Who Was the First Magician?" - Foreword by Christian Ratsch 7 1. Introduction 9 2. Reflections on the History and Scientific Study of Magic Mushrooms 10 3. The Current State of Knowledge About European Species 14 3.1 Psilocybe semilanceata: The Classic Species Among European Psychotropic Mushrooms 16 3.2 Psilocybe cyanescens: Potent Mushrooms Growing on Wood Debris 29 3.3 Panaeolus subbalteatus: Mycology and Myths about the Panaeolus Species 37 3.4 Inocybe aeruginascens: Fast-Spreading New Arrivals 44 3.5 Gymnopilus purpuratus: Magnificent Mushrooms from South America 51 3.6 Conocybe cyanopus: Tiny Mushrooms of Remarkable Potency 55 3.7 Pluteus salicinus: A Little-known Wood-Inhabiting Species 58 4. Mushroom Identification: Taxonomic Confusion and the Potential for Deadly Mistakes 61 5. The Bluing Phenomenon and Metol Testing: Reality vs. Wishful Thinking 63 6. Mushroom Cultivation: Classic Findings and New Techniques 66 7. Psychotropic Mushroom Species Around the World 77 7.1 Spotlight on North America and Hawaii 79 7.2 Mycophilia in Central and South America 82 7.3 Australia's Mycoflora Attracts Attention 84 7.4 European Customs and Conventions 87 7.5 Japanese Experimentation 93 7.6 Intoxications and the Oldest Known Mushroom Cult in Africa 95 7.7 Usage in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific Islands 98 8. Some Comments on Effects of Mushrooms from the Category Phantastika 102 9. Psychotherapy 108 10. Outlook 114 11. Bibliography 120 Index 129 Figure 2 - Psilocybe cubensis from Australia Figure 3 - Water color painting of Panaeolus subbalteatus (Germany, 1927). Figure 4 - Fresh Panaeolus subbalteatus mushrooms. FOREWORD Nobody knows precisely when the first magic mushroom emerged from the shadows of prehistory to enter the light of consciousness. Nobody knows when the first magic mushroom was eaten by a human being. Nobody knows just who the first magic mushroom eater was. In seeking answers to these questions, we can only speculate. Mycophobes, however, are quick to voice their conviction that only a fool would be reckless enough to want to attain a higher state of consciousness beyond the boundaries of everyday reality. And only a fool would attempt to do this by ingesting those odd little things that mysteriously thrive on decaying, humid soil, rotten wood and malodorous mounds of cow manure. Historically, magic, mushrooms have been feared and hated` since antiquity: magic mushrooms were thought to be made from poisons that had dripped from serpents' fangs; they were considered to be unclean emissions of evil spirits; moreover, mushrooms were a kn ecialize in &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#121 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#100&#101&#115&#112&#105&#116&#101 &#116&#104&#101 fact that Psilocybe semilanceata is the most common and conspicuous species among the Psilocybes. Also, mushroom &#108&#111&#118&#101&#114&#115 &#119&#104&#111&#115&#101&#13&#10&#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#101&#115&#116&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#110&#111&#116 purely scientific &#40&#115&#101&#101 &#67&#104&#97&#112&#116&#101&#114 &#55&#46&#52&#41&#13&#10&#100&#111 &#110&#111&#116 usually preserve their &#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 &#102&#111&#114&#13&#10&#112&#111&#115&#116&#101&#114&#105&#116&#121 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 form of distribution maps. However, &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#115 &#111&#110&#101 &#109&#97&#112 from 1986, &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104&#13&#10&#115&#104&#111&#119&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110 of Psilocybe semilanceata across Germany (see Figure 20, p. 28). Almost no published information is available about locations where Psilocybe species have been &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#101&#97&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#46 During my own field trips, I have discovered Psilocybe semilanceata specimens &#105&#110 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#115 near my hometown &#111&#102 &#77&#97&#110&#115&#102&#101&#108&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 Vorharz Mountains, in the marshlands of Duben &#97&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108 &#97&#115&#13&#10&#105&#110 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 eastern German marshland areas. In addition, friends who are &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#104&#97&#118&#101&#13&#10&#116&#111&#108&#100 &#109&#101 about finding the mushrooms &#105&#110 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 country.<br> A book published in 1952 is among the rare sources that &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#115 &#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#101&#100 in the southeastern state of Saxony (see Figure 16, &#112&#46 &#50&#51&#41&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#103&#114&#111&#119 most abundantly on wet pastures surrounded by forest areas.<br> &#73&#110 &#109&#121 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#44 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#13&#10&#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 in most of Germany's forestlands.<br> The species fruits during &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#97&#108&#108&#44 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#108&#97&#116&#101 September through October. It &#102&#97&#118&#111&#114&#115 &#97&#99&#105&#100&#105&#99 &#115&#111&#105&#108 &#97&#110&#100 grassy terrain &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103&#115&#105&#100&#101 &#116&#114&#97&#105&#108&#115 &#111&#114 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 edges of forest lands. &#83&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#101&#100 in small groups of 30 mushrooms or less. Deer droppings or other &#97&#110&#105&#109&#97&#108 &#102&#101&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#117&#115&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121&#13&#10&#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#110&#116 at &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#101&#118&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#111&#117&#103&#104 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 never grow directly on top of dung.<br> Occasionally, extremely &#115&#116&#117&#110&#116&#101&#100 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 &#109&#97&#121&#13&#10&#98&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 in the mountains by the side of the &#114&#111&#97&#100&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#115&#111&#105&#108 &#98&#101&#108&#111&#119 &#111&#108&#100&#101&#114 cow pastures provides an excellent &#109&#101&#100&#105&#117&#109 &#102&#111&#114 &#101&#120&#116&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97&#108&#13&#10&#103&#114&#111&#119&#116&#104&#46 In some locations, large &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#121&#105&#101&#108&#100 &#97&#110&#13&#10&#97&#98&#117&#110&#100&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#111&#102 fruiting bodies, mirroring the extent of mycelial saturation in the soil. Given adequate moisture, maximum yields &#99&#97&#110 &#98&#101 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100&#44 &#105&#102 the pasture was grazed at &#108&#101&#97&#115&#116 &#111&#110&#99&#101 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 weeks before &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#101&#97&#115&#111&#110&#46 &#72&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#116&#104&#101 mushrooms also thrive under similar conditions on horse and sheep &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115&#46 &#83&#117&#99&#104 &#103&#114&#97&#115&#115&#121 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 inside forests are usually grazing areas for &#100&#101&#101&#114&#44 &#119&#104&#111 &#112&#114&#111&#118&#105&#100&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#115&#111&#105&#108 with additional fertilization.<br> However, Psilocybe &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#100&#111&#101&#115 &#110&#111&#116 &#103&#114&#111&#119 in locations where artificial fertilizer has &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#117&#115&#101&#100&#46 &#83&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 flanked by creeks or swamp lands, &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#115&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#116&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#111&#105&#108 with water.<br> During the summertime, the warm climate in these wet areas provides an excellent environment for optimal mycelial &#103&#114&#111&#119&#116&#104&#46 &#73&#110 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101 mushroom's habitat ranges &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#111&#97&#115&#116&#97&#108 &#97&#114&#101&#97&#115 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#111&#117&#115 &#114&#101&#103&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 where the species has been found at <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/magic-mushrooms-in-east-texas.htm" title="Magic Mushrooms In East Texas" alt="Magic Mushrooms In East Texas" >Magic Mushrooms In East Texas</a> altitudes of up to 1,720 m &#40&#53&#44&#49&#54&#48 &#102&#116&#41 &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101&#13&#10&#115&#101&#97 &#108&#101&#118&#101&#108 (MTB-8443, 1985).<br> In the former Czechoslovakia, samples have been collected &#97&#116&#13&#10&#97&#108&#116&#105&#116&#117&#100&#101&#115 &#114&#97&#110&#103&#105&#110&#103 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#51&#51&#48 to 1,000 &#109 &#40&#49&#44&#48&#48&#48 &#45&#13&#10 <br /><br /> <img border="1" src="/images/identifying-mushrooms-growing-in-mulch.jpg" > xican mushroom species, so that these materials need not be repeated in this context. However, certain aspects concerning the more recent uses of these mushrooms as well as their conditions of growth will receive more detailed attention in later chapters. The main purpose of this book is to inspire further study of these mushrooms, particularly basic research efforts and medical applications of magic mushroom ingredients. The extensive bibliography will help scientists and other interested mycophiles to further immerse themselves in this complex area of study. Jochen Gartz Figure 6 - Bronze doors with mushroom motif entitled "Trial and Judgment" at Hildesheim Cathedral, Germany (ca. 1020). CHAPTER 2 REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MAGIC MUSHROOMS It is remarkable that cultures native to the American continent knew about a relatively large number of natural mind-altering substances compared to early cultures that evolved in Europe or Asia. Botanical evidence does not support the notion that Europe is home to fewer hallucinogenic plants than other regions. Furthermore, the growing number of recently discovered European mushroom species containing psilocybin indicate a flourishing psychotropic mycoflora in Europe similar to those found in other countries. It is unlikely that early European cultures learned less about local plants and mushrooms through usage and experience than cultures elsewhere in the world. Most likely, early cultural knowledge of European psychoactive plants and mushrooms was lost or destroyed at some time in history, probably as early as several hundred years ago. The discovery that the fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria) was known for its psychoactive properties in Siberia invited the conclusion that this mushroom was used as a psychotropic agent in medieval Europe as well. In fact, there is very little evidence from the Middle Ages to indicate widespread knowledge of the effects of specific mushrooms on human consciousness. However, I believe that past reports on psychoactive mushrooms were causally linked to Amanita muscaria simply because this was the only known psychotropic mushroom in Europe at that time. While the usage of Amanita muscaria among Siberian tribes has generated reports of spectacular hallucinations, European accounts of fly agaric intoxications do not generally include descriptions of such intensely hallucinatory effects. Accordingly, the potent hallucinogenic effects of specific Psilocybes and related species are likely to have had a much more significant influence on early European cultures than the delirium-like visions induced by Amanita muscaria, a species that is also known to induce unconsciousness and severe somatic side effects. This hypothesis is corroborated by data from comprehensive field studies conducted in Mexico. I believe that historic accounts including those described below - indicate a knowledge of <p align="justify"> xican mushroom species, so that these materials need not &#98&#101 &#114&#101&#112&#101&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#101&#120&#116&#46 However, certain aspects concerning &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#109&#111&#114&#101 &#114&#101&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#117&#115&#101&#115 &#111&#102 these &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108 &#97&#115&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 conditions of growth will receive more detailed attention in later chapters. The main purpose of this book is to inspire further study of these mushrooms, particularly &#98&#97&#115&#105&#99 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 &#101&#102&#102&#111&#114&#116&#115 &#97&#110&#100 medical applications &#111&#102 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#105&#110&#103&#114&#101&#100&#105&#101&#110&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#101&#120&#116&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101 bibliography will help scientists and other interested &#109&#121&#99&#111&#112&#104&#105&#108&#101&#115 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#102&#117&#114&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#105&#109&#109&#101&#114&#115&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#109&#115&#101&#108&#118&#101&#115 in this complex area of study. Jochen Gartz Figure 6 - Bronze doors with mushroom motif entitled "Trial and Judgment" at Hildesheim &#67&#97&#116&#104&#101&#100&#114&#97&#108&#44 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121 &#40&#99&#97&#46 &#49&#48&#50&#48&#41&#46&#13&#10&#67&#72&#65&#80&#84&#69&#82 2 REFLECTIONS ON &#84&#72&#69 &#72&#73&#83&#84&#79&#82&#89&#13&#10&#65&#78&#68 &#83&#67&#73&#69&#78&#84&#73&#70&#73&#67 &#83&#84&#85&#68&#89 &#79&#70 MAGIC MUSHROOMS It is &#114&#101&#109&#97&#114&#107&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#116&#111 the American continent &#107&#110&#101&#119 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#97 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 large number of &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108 &#109&#105&#110&#100&#45&#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115&#13&#10&#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 early cultures that evolved in Europe or Asia. &#66&#111&#116&#97&#110&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#100&#111&#101&#115 &#110&#111&#116 support the notion that Europe is home to fewer hallucinogenic plants than other regions. Furthermore, &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#110&#117&#109&#98&#101&#114 &#111&#102 &#114&#101&#99&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 discovered European mushroom &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#105&#110&#100&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101 a flourishing &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#102&#108&#111&#114&#97 &#105&#110 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#13&#10&#115&#105&#109&#105&#108&#97&#114 to those found <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/subaeruginosa-potency.htm" title="Subaeruginosa Potency" alt="Subaeruginosa Potency" >Subaeruginosa Potency</a> in other &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#117&#110&#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#97&#116 early &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115&#13&#10&#108&#101&#97&#114&#110&#101&#100 &#108&#101&#115&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 local plants and mushrooms through usage &#97&#110&#100 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115&#13&#10&#101&#108&#115&#101&#119&#104&#101&#114&#101 in the world. Most likely, &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#97&#108&#13&#10&#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 &#111&#102 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 psychoactive &#112&#108&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#97&#115 &#108&#111&#115&#116 or destroyed &#97&#116 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#116&#105&#109&#101 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#121&#44 &#112&#114&#111&#98&#97&#98&#108&#121 as early as several hundred years ago. The discovery that the fly agaric mushroom (Amanita &#109&#117&#115&#99&#97&#114&#105&#97&#41 &#119&#97&#115 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#102&#111&#114 its psychoactive properties in &#83&#105&#98&#101&#114&#105&#97 &#105&#110&#118&#105&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#99&#108&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116 this mushroom &#119&#97&#115 &#117&#115&#101&#100 &#97&#115 &#97&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#97&#103&#101&#110&#116 in medieval Europe as well. In fact, there is very little evidence from &#116&#104&#101 &#77&#105&#100&#100&#108&#101&#13&#10&#65&#103&#101&#115 &#116&#111 &#105&#110&#100&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101 widespread knowledge <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/east-texas-magic-mushrooms.htm" title="East Texas Magic Mushrooms" alt="East Texas Magic Mushrooms" >East Texas Magic Mushrooms</a> of the effects of specific mushrooms on human consciousness. However, &#73 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#112&#97&#115&#116 reports on psychoactive mushrooms were &#99&#97&#117&#115&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#108&#105&#110&#107&#101&#100&#13&#10&#116&#111 &#65&#109&#97&#110&#105&#116&#97 &#109&#117&#115&#99&#97&#114&#105&#97 simply because &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#119&#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#111&#110&#108&#121 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 psychotropic mushroom in Europe at that time. While the usage of Amanita muscaria among Siberian tribes has generated reports of spectacular &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#102&#108&#121 agaric intoxications do not generally include descriptions of &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#115&#101&#108&#121 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#97&#116&#111&#114&#121&#13&#10&#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103&#108&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#111&#116&#101&#110&#116 hallucinogenic effects of specific Psilocybes and related species are likely to &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#104&#97&#100 &#97 &#109&#117&#99&#104 more significant influence on early European &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#108&#105&#114&#105&#117&#109&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#115 induced by Amanita muscaria, a species that &#105&#115 &#97&#108&#115&#111 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 induce unconsciousness and severe somatic side effects.<br> This hypothesis is corroborated &#98&#121 &#100&#97&#116&#97 &#102&#114&#111&#109&#13&#10&#99&#111&#109&#112&#114&#101&#104&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101 &#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 studies conducted in Mexico. I believe &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#105&#99 &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#105&#110&#103 those described below - &#105&#110&#100&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101 &#97 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 &#111&#102 </p><br /> </p> <h2>romania mushrooms psylocibe</h2> <p> xican mushroom species, so that these materials need not be repeated in this context. However, certain aspects concerning the more recent uses of these mushrooms as well as their conditions of growth will receive more detailed attention in later chapters. The main purpose of this book is to inspire further study of these mushrooms, particularly basic research efforts and medical applications of magic mushroom ingredients. The extensive bibliography will help scientists and other interested mycophiles to further immerse themselves in this complex area of study. Jochen Gartz Figure 6 - Bronze doors with mushroom motif entitled "Trial and Judgment" at Hildesheim Cathedral, Germany (ca. 1020). CHAPTER 2 REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MAGIC MUSHROOMS It is remarkable that cultures native to the American continent knew about a relatively large number of natural mind-altering substances compared to early cultures that evolved in Europe or Asia. Botanical evidence does not support the notion that Europe is home to fewer hallucinogenic plants than other regions. Furthermore, the growing number of recently discovered European mushroom species containing psilocybin indicate a flourishing psychotropic mycoflora in Europe similar to those found in other countries. It is unlikely that early European cultures learned less about local plants and mushrooms through usage and experience than cultures elsewhere in the world. Most likely, early cultural knowledge of European psychoactive plants and mushrooms was lost or destroyed at some time in history, probably as early as several hundred years ago. The discovery that the fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria) was known for its psychoactive properties in Siberia invited the conclusion that this mushroom was used as a psychotropic agent in medieval Europe as well. In fact, there is very little evidence from the Middle Ages to indicate widespread knowledge of the effects of specific mushrooms on human consciousness. However, I believe that past reports on psychoactive mushrooms were causally linked to Amanita muscaria simply because this was the only known psychotropic mushroom in Europe at that time. While the usage of Amanita muscaria among Siberian tribes has generated reports of spectacular hallucinations, European accounts of fly agaric intoxications do not generally include descriptions of such intensely hallucinatory effects. Accordingly, the potent hallucinogenic effects of specific Psilocybes and related species are likely to have had a much more significant influence on early European cultures than the delirium-like visions induced by Amanita muscaria, a species that is also known to induce unconsciousness and severe somatic side effects. This hypothesis is corroborated by data from comprehensive field studies conducted in Mexico. I believe that historic accounts including those described below - indicate a knowledge of Most recreational users of Psilocybe cubensis (when grown in vitro) require a dosage of 1 to 2 gm of dried mushrooms to produce an altered state of consciousness; a clinical dosage for Psilocybe cubensis, on the other hand, had previously been reported as ranging from 3 to 5 gm of dried material. This dosage would be comparable to the amount of fungal material consumed for religious purposes in a Mazatec Indian healing and curing ceremony. In 1982, one research team "found that the level of psilocybin and psilocin varies over a factor of 4 among various in vitro cultures of Psilocybe cubensis, while specimens from outdoors varied tenfold." A fresh dosage of Psilocybe cubensis in Australia would be approximately from 1 to 2 large mushrooms weighing up to as much as one fresh ounce, or as many as from 25 to 50 small mushrooms equaling the same weight amount. Ethnopharmacologist Jonathan Ott (1976, 1993) noted that he has observed "the ingestion of from 0.5 gm to 5.9 gm dried weight (10 gm to 40 gm fresh)", of various species of Psilocybe. Dosage for Psilocybe subcubensis would be the same as for Psilocybe cubensis. Both of these latter two species are macroscopically alike. The usual dosage for Copelandia cyanescens required to induce psychedelic visual effects ranges from 1 to 3 large specimens (cap diameter c. 5 mm), or as many as 5 to l0 medium-sized mushrooms (cap diameter c. 2.5 mm); however, personal tolerance to this species may occur with continued use, and some who consume large amounts of this mushroom have reportedly ingested as many as 50 to 200 fresh specimens of various sizes. <div align="left"> &#120&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 so that these materials &#110&#101&#101&#100 &#110&#111&#116 &#98&#101 &#114&#101&#112&#101&#97&#116&#101&#100 in &#116&#104&#105&#115&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#101&#120&#116&#46 &#72&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#99&#101&#114&#116&#97&#105&#110 &#97&#115&#112&#101&#99&#116&#115 concerning the more recent uses &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#115 well as their conditions of growth will receive &#109&#111&#114&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#101&#100 &#97&#116&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#110 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 chapters. The main purpose of &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#98&#111&#111&#107 &#105&#115 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#105&#110&#115&#112&#105&#114&#101 further study of &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#44&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#98&#97&#115&#105&#99 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 efforts and medical applications of magic mushroom ingredients. The extensive bibliography will help scientists and other interested mycophiles to further immerse themselves in this complex area of study. Jochen Gartz Figure 6 - Bronze doors with mushroom motif entitled "Trial and Judgment" at Hildesheim <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/magicmushroomschart.htm" title="Magicmushroomschart" alt="Magicmushroomschart" >Magicmushroomschart</a> Cathedral, &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121 &#40&#99&#97&#46 &#49&#48&#50&#48&#41&#46&#13&#10&#67&#72&#65&#80&#84&#69&#82 &#50&#13&#10&#82&#69&#70&#76&#69&#67&#84&#73&#79&#78&#83 ON &#84&#72&#69 &#72&#73&#83&#84&#79&#82&#89&#13&#10&#65&#78&#68 &#83&#67&#73&#69&#78&#84&#73&#70&#73&#67 &#83&#84&#85&#68&#89 OF MAGIC MUSHROOMS It &#105&#115 &#114&#101&#109&#97&#114&#107&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#99&#117&#108&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 native to the American continent knew about a relatively large number of natural &#109&#105&#110&#100&#45&#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115&#13&#10&#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 cultures that evolved in &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#13&#10&#111&#114 &#65&#115&#105&#97&#46 &#66&#111&#116&#97&#110&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#99&#101 does not support the notion that Europe is home &#116&#111 &#102&#101&#119&#101&#114 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99&#13&#10&#112&#108&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#110 other regions.<br> Furthermore, the growing number &#111&#102 &#114&#101&#99&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 species containing psilocybin indicate a flourishing psychotropic mycoflora in Europe similar to those found in other countries.<br> It is unlikely that early European cultures learned less &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#108&#111&#99&#97&#108 &#112&#108&#97&#110&#116&#115 &#97&#110&#100 mushrooms through usage and experience than cultures elsewhere in the world. Most likely, early cultural knowledge of European psychoactive plants and mushrooms was lost or destroyed at some time in history, probably as early as several hundred years ago. The discovery that the fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria) was known &#102&#111&#114 &#105&#116&#115&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#112&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#101&#115 &#105&#110 Siberia invited the conclusion that this mushroom was &#117&#115&#101&#100 &#97&#115 &#97&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#97&#103&#101&#110&#116 in medieval Europe &#97&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108&#46 &#73&#110&#13&#10&#102&#97&#99&#116&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 is very little &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#77&#105&#100&#100&#108&#101&#13&#10&#65&#103&#101&#115 to indicate &#119&#105&#100&#101&#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 of specific mushrooms on human consciousness. However, I believe that past reports on psychoactive &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#99&#97&#117&#115&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#108&#105&#110&#107&#101&#100&#13&#10&#116&#111 Amanita muscaria simply because this was &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#111&#110&#108&#121 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#116&#114&#111&#112&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 in Europe at that &#116&#105&#109&#101&#46&#13&#10&#87&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#117&#115&#97&#103&#101 &#111&#102 Amanita muscaria among Siberian tribes has generated &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#116&#97&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#44 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 accounts of fly <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/magicmushroomschart.htm" title="Magicmushroomschart" alt="Magicmushroomschart" >Magicmushroomschart</a> agaric intoxications do not generally include descriptions &#111&#102 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#115&#101&#108&#121 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#97&#116&#111&#114&#121&#13&#10&#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103&#108&#121&#44 the potent hallucinogenic effects of &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100 species are likely to &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#104&#97&#100 &#97 &#109&#117&#99&#104 more significant influence on early European cultures than the delirium-like visions induced by Amanita muscaria, &#97 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115 &#97&#108&#115&#111 known to induce unconsciousness and severe somatic side &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#105&#115 &#104&#121&#112&#111&#116&#104&#101&#115&#105&#115 &#105&#115 &#99&#111&#114&#114&#111&#98&#111&#114&#97&#116&#101&#100 by data from comprehensive field studies conducted in &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#46&#13&#10&#73 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#104&#105&#115&#116&#111&#114&#105&#99 accounts including those described below - indicate a knowledge of </div> <p align="center"> In &#97&#100&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#109&#97&#110&#121 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#117&#115&#101&#114&#115 of "magic mushrooms" in Australia &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#98&#101&#99&#111&#109&#101 &#97&#119&#97&#114&#101 of &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#109&#105&#110&#100&#45&#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 effects &#98&#121 &#114&#101&#97&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 literature or the many news items appearing in &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#111&#112&#117&#108&#97&#114 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#110 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115 during the late <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/howdoigrowPsilocybesubaeruginosaonwoodchips.htm" title="Howdoigrowpsilocybesubaeruginosaonwoodchips" alt="Howdoigrowpsilocybesubaeruginosaonwoodchips" >Howdoigrowpsilocybesubaeruginosaonwoodchips</a> l960's and early l970's. These news items often &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 &#98&#111&#116&#104 &#97&#99&#99&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#97&#108 &#97&#110&#100 &#100&#101&#108&#105&#98&#101&#114&#97&#116&#101 intoxication's which &#114&#101&#115&#117&#108&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110 of several varieties of &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34&#46 &#70&#111&#114 &#101&#120&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#44 in 1972, one local newspaper report provided an account regarding the use of these mushrooms by young teenagers at a local high school in Brisbane: "...children at &#97 &#115&#117&#98&#117&#114&#98&#97&#110 &#115&#99&#104&#111&#111&#108 &#97&#114&#101 &#103&#101&#116&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#104&#105&#103&#104 on mushrooms called 'Gold &#84&#111&#112&#115&#46&#39 &#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 common &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#66&#114&#105&#115&#98&#97&#110&#101 &#82&#105&#118&#101&#114 near Toowing High School, and &#99&#104&#105&#108&#100&#114&#101&#110 &#105&#110 &#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 &#111&#102 `kicks' have been experimenting with them (Unsigned, 1972)." It would &#98&#101 &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#111&#98&#118&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#116&#111 &#97&#110&#121&#111&#110&#101 who read this above mentioned news item, when it &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#112&#114&#105&#110&#116&#44 &#116&#104&#97&#116 those searching for &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101 &#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#111 find them if they so desired. There is yet another factor &#116&#104&#97&#116 <u>Mushrooms Romania Mushrooms</u> &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#112&#108&#97&#121&#101&#100 a significant role in &#112&#114&#111&#109&#111&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#101&#115&#116 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 use of psychoactive mushrooms in &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#90&#46 &#83&#111&#109&#101 drug users or mycophillic individuals &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#114&#101&#97&#100 &#111&#114 heard &#111&#102 &#82&#46 &#71&#111&#114&#100&#111&#110 &#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110&#39&#115 personal account of his adventurous &#114&#101&#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#121 &#111&#102 &#97&#110 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 mushroom cult among &#116&#104&#101 &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99 &#73&#110&#100&#105&#97&#110&#115 &#111&#102 Southern Mexico. Dr. &#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#114&#101&#109&#111&#110&#105&#97&#108 use of certain mushrooms as divinatory substances among the Mazatecs and &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#112&#101&#111&#112&#108&#101&#115 &#105&#110 Oaxaca, Mexico (see Wasson, 1957). This journalistic report of Wasson's research expedition appeared in an international edition of &#76&#105&#102&#101 &#77&#97&#103&#97&#122&#105&#110&#101 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 late &#108&#57&#53&#48&#39&#115&#44 &#112&#114&#111&#118&#105&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#97&#110&#121 &#100&#114&#117&#103 users &#97&#110&#100 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#115 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101 incentive to seek out, find, and <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/growingPsubaeruginosafromsporeprint.htm" title="Growingpsubaeruginosafromsporeprint" alt="Growingpsubaeruginosafromsporeprint" >Growingpsubaeruginosafromsporeprint</a> eventually experiment with &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#46 </p> In addition, many early users of "magic mushrooms" in Australia may have first become aware of their mind-altering and visionary effects by reading the published literature or the many news items appearing in the popular Australian press during the late l960's and early l970's. These news items often described both accidental and deliberate intoxication's which resulted from the ingestion of several varieties of "magic mushrooms". For example, in 1972, one local newspaper report provided an account regarding the use of these mushrooms by young teenagers at a local high school in Brisbane: "...children at a suburban school are getting high on mushrooms called 'Gold Tops.' The mushrooms are common along the Brisbane River near Toowing High School, and children in search of `kicks' have been experimenting with them (Unsigned, 1972)." It would be very obvious to anyone who read this above mentioned news item, when it appeared in print, that those searching for hallucinogenic mushrooms would be able to find them if they so desired. There is yet another factor that may have played a significant role in promoting interest in the use of psychoactive mushrooms in Australia and NZ. Some drug users or mycophillic individuals may have read or heard of R. Gordon Wasson's personal account of his adventurous rediscovery of an hallucinogenic mushroom cult among the Mazatec Indians of Southern Mexico. Dr. Wasson reported the ceremonial use of certain mushrooms as divinatory substances among the Mazatecs and other native peoples in Oaxaca, Mexico (see Wasson, 1957). This journalistic report of Wasson's research expedition appeared in an international edition of Life Magazine in the late l950's, providing many drug users and others with the incentive to seek out, find, and eventually experiment with these mushrooms. Dosages for Psilocybe australiana Guzmán & Watling, Psilocybe eucalypta Guzmán & <br /> </p> <h2>romania psylocibe psylocibe</h2> <p><p align="center"> Most recreational users of Psilocybe cubensis (when &#103&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#105&#110 &#118&#105&#116&#114&#111&#41 &#114&#101&#113&#117&#105&#114&#101 a dosage &#111&#102 &#49 &#116&#111 &#50 gm of &#100&#114&#105&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101 an altered state of consciousness; a clinical dosage &#102&#111&#114 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115&#44 &#111&#110 the other hand, had previously been reported as ranging from 3 to 5 gm of dried material.<br> This dosage would be &#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#109&#111&#117&#110&#116 of fungal material consumed for religious purposes in a Mazatec Indian healing and curing ceremony. In 1982, one research team "found that &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#101&#118&#101&#108 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 and psilocin varies over a factor of 4 among various in vitro cultures of Psilocybe cubensis, while &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#111&#117&#116&#100&#111&#111&#114&#115 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#101&#100 tenfold." A fresh dosage of Psilocybe cubensis in Australia would be approximately from &#49 &#116&#111 <i> psylocibe mushrooms romania</i> &#50 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101 mushrooms weighing up to as much as one fresh ounce, or as many as from 25 to 50 small &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#101&#113&#117&#97&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#97&#109&#101 weight amount.<br> Ethnopharmacologist &#74&#111&#110&#97&#116&#104&#97&#110 &#79&#116&#116 <H1> psylocibe mushrooms romania</H1> &#40&#49&#57&#55&#54&#44 &#49&#57&#57&#51&#41 noted that he has observed &#34&#116&#104&#101 &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#102&#114&#111&#109 0.5 gm to &#53&#46&#57 &#103&#109 &#100&#114&#105&#101&#100 &#119&#101&#105&#103&#104&#116 (10 gm to 40 gm fresh)", &#111&#102 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#46 Dosage for Psilocybe subcubensis would be the same as for Psilocybe &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115&#46 &#66&#111&#116&#104 &#111&#102 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/name-of-magic-mushroom-t.htm" title="Name Of Magic Mushroom T" alt="Name Of Magic Mushroom T" >Name Of Magic Mushroom T</a> &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#108&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114 &#116&#119&#111 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 are &#109&#97&#99&#114&#111&#115&#99&#111&#112&#105&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#97&#108&#105&#107&#101&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#117&#115&#117&#97&#108 dosage for Copelandia cyanescens required to induce psychedelic visual effects &#114&#97&#110&#103&#101&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#49 &#116&#111 &#51 large specimens (cap &#100&#105&#97&#109&#101&#116&#101&#114 &#99&#46 &#53 &#109&#109&#41&#44 or as many as 5 to &#108&#48 &#109&#101&#100&#105&#117&#109&#45&#115&#105&#122&#101&#100 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#40&#99&#97&#112 diameter c. 2.5 mm); &#104&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#112&#101&#114&#115&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#116&#111&#108&#101&#114&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#111 this species may &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#117&#101&#100 &#117&#115&#101&#44 and &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#119&#104&#111 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#117&#109&#101 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101 amounts of <b></b> this mushroom have reportedly ingested as many as 50 &#116&#111 &#50&#48&#48 &#102&#114&#101&#115&#104 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 &#111&#102 various sizes. </p> ed and large numbers of studies were conducted, primarily with LSD. These investigators sought to discover the receptor binding sites for hallucinogenic compounds in the brain and to understand the mechanisms underlying the genesis of psychedelic visions. Today, we still lack a sound theoretical framework able to explain the relationship between chemical compounds and the manifestation of their psychoactivity. Even though basic research is certainly important, its methods, unfortunately, are often a function of a rather one-sided pharmacological approach to investigating the effects of psilocybin, LSD and mescaline - an approach that is, in fact, too narrow to address the remarkably unusual nature of these substances and their effects. Misunderstandings between pharmacologists and toxicologists on the one hand and psychiatrists and psychologists on the other can often be traced all the way back to the 1950's, creating a legacy of disputes and arguments that have yet to be resolved. S. Grof undertook the tedious task of analyzing 5,000 experimental LSD protocols in an effort to isolate "absolute" symptoms that are reported or occur all of the time. His results were negative. According to Grof, hallucinogenic substances are non-specific triggers causing a sequence of altered states of consciousness, which do not fit the syndrome labeled "toxic psychosis". Rather, it is the individual's personality, along with the experimental setting that significantly shape the nature of the psychedelic experience. This view is shared by a majority of experts with considerable experience in conducting psychedelics-assisted psychotherapy. Even "real" somatic symptoms, such as nausea or vomiting, can often be controlled through psychological intervention techniques administered by trained professionals. A Plethora of Names The broad range of possible experiences inspired the use of labels other than "hallucinogens", with widely differing semantic connotations: entheogens, psychedelics, illusionogens, psycholytics, psychomimetics, psychodysleptica, psychoemetics and others. "Phantastica" (Lewin) is the oldest label ever used to describe this class of substances. This term successfully evokes dream-like, fanciful aspects of the experience, as well as the potential for euphoric and dysphoric emotional overtones. More recent terminology often says more about semantic biases of those who use the labels than about any factual, objective characteristics of the alkaloids they refer to. Accordingly, official antidrug propaganda since the 1960's has disparaged "psychedelics" as excessively glamorous and too positive a label, as the term was popular among Timothy Leary's fans and supporters. When used in low doses or for the first time, these substances are most likely to bring about a kind of magical transformation of surroundings, with a heightened ability to perceive subtle differences along the color spectru Existing evidence indicates that man in the Old World —Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia—has made less use of native plants and shrubs for their hallucinogenic properties than has man in the New World. There is little reason to believe that the vegetation of one half of the globe is poorer or richer in species with hallucinogenic properties than the other half. Why, then, should there be such disparity? Has man in the Old World simply not discovered many of the native hallucinogenic plants? Are some of them too toxic in other ways to be utilized? Or has man in the Old World been culturally less interested in narcotics? We have no real answer. But we do know that the Old World has fewer known species employed hallucinogenically than does the New World: compared with only 15 or 20 species used in the Eastern Hemisphere, the species used hallucinogenically in the Western Hemisphere number more than 100! Yet some of the Old World hallucinogens today hold places of primacy throughout the world. Cannabis, undoubtedly the most widespread of all the hallucinogens, is perhaps the best example. The several solanaceous ingredients of medieval witches' brews—henbane, nightshade, belladonna, and mandrake—greatly influenced European philosophy, medicine, and even history for many years. Some played an extraordinarily vital religious role in the early Aryan cultures of northern India. The role of hallucinogens in the cultural and social development of many areas of the Old World is only now being investigated. At every turn, its exte &#13&#10&#119&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 &#119&#97&#118&#101&#115&#46 &#73&#110&#99&#114&#101&#97&#115&#105&#110&#103&#108&#121&#44 &#97&#108&#108 colors in her immediate surroundings &#99&#111&#97&#108&#101&#115&#99&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#116&#111 &#115&#104&#97&#100&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#46 The hallucinations were fearsome; the heads of monsters became visible and a wall &#111&#112&#101&#110&#101&#100 &#117&#112&#13&#10&#105&#110&#116&#111 &#97&#110 &#97&#98&#121&#115&#115&#46 There was a <H1> the prince mushroom in west texas?</H1> succession of human figure with animal heads.<br> The next day, <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/types-of-magic-mushrooms-pictures-found-in-texas-south.htm" title="FOUND MAGIC TYPES PICTURES OF SOUTH PICTURES OF TYPES" alt="FOUND MAGIC TYPES PICTURES OF SOUTH PICTURES OF TYPES" >FOUND MAGIC TYPES PICTURES OF SOUTH PICTURES OF TYPES</a> everything was back to normal. The &#111&#108&#100&#101&#115&#116 &#99&#104&#105&#108&#100 &#40&#97&#103&#101 &#49&#52&#41 also saw her parents' hair color turn green, had dilated pupils &#97&#110&#100 &#119&#97&#116&#99&#104&#101&#100 &#103&#101&#111&#109&#101&#116&#114&#105&#99 &#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#115 appear on the wall. &#84&#104&#101 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/legalpsychotropics.htm" title="Legalpsychotropics" alt="Legalpsychotropics" >Legalpsychotropics</a> &#121&#111&#117&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116 &#99&#104&#105&#108&#100&#13&#10&#40&#97&#103&#101 &#49&#49&#41 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#100 cramps and lost consciousness.<br> In 1960, Singer and Guzman suggested that &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#109&#105&#103&#104&#116 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#13&#10&#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 because of the intense blue &#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#121 &#104&#97&#100 &#111&#98&#115&#101&#114&#118&#101&#100&#46 &#73&#116 wasn't until after the intoxications in Menton had been publicized, that a research &#116&#101&#97&#109 &#119&#111&#114&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#65&#46 Hofmann detected 0.2% of psilocybin in &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#46&#13&#10&#67&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#111&#119&#101&#114&#102&#117&#108 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115&#44 however, this concentration appears to be too <u> the prince mushroom in west texas?</u> &#108&#111&#119 &#116&#111 &#99&#97&#117&#115&#101 &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#105&#109&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#105&#118&#101 reactions. Later on, Sandoz Laboratories &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#101&#118&#101&#108 &#111&#102 psilocybin in dried samples &#97&#115 &#48&#46&#56&#37&#44 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#119&#105&#116&#104 1.2% psilocin. The level of psilocin, &#104&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110&#13&#10&#102&#97&#108&#115&#101&#108&#121 elevated by the presence of serotonin and its derivates in the mushroom &#115&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#119&#97&#115&#13&#10&#98&#101&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#101&#115&#116&#101&#100&#46&#13&#10&#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 Stijve, a mushroom sample collected by J.W. Allen in &#84&#104&#97&#105&#108&#97&#110&#100 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110&#101&#100&#13&#10&#48&#46&#52&#37 &#45 &#49&#46&#48&#53&#37 of &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#105&#110&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#116&#114&#97&#99&#101&#13&#10&#97&#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 of psilocybin; serotonin was &#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#108&#97&#114&#103&#101 &#97&#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115&#44 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#111 concentrations found in &#97&#108&#108 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#65&#112&#112&#97&#114&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121&#44 &#80&#97&#110&#97&#101&#111&#108&#117&#115 cyanescens produces more psilocin &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#46 &#83&#116&#105&#108&#108&#44 &#73&#13&#10&#119&#97&#115 able to &#100&#101&#116&#101&#99&#116 &#48&#46&#52&#37 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 in mycelia cultivated on &#109&#97&#108&#116 &#97&#103&#97&#114&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#110&#111 other indole compounds present.<br> Discussion of the Panaeolus species would <H1> P.Subaeruginosa Spore Print Buy</H1> remain &#105&#110&#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101 &#119&#105&#116&#104&#111&#117&#116 &#112&#111&#105&#110&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#117&#116&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 those subjectively terrifying &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#115&#101&#115&#13&#10&#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#49&#57&#54&#53 &#99&#97&#110&#110&#111&#116 be attributed to a specific mushroom ingredient, but were likely precipitated by the &#99&#105&#114&#99&#117&#109&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#40&#115&#101&#116 &#97&#110&#100 &#115&#101&#116&#116&#105&#110&#103&#41&#13&#10&#115&#117&#114&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 incident. The &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#74&#46&#13&#10&#65&#108&#108&#101&#110 &#105&#110 Hawaii after eating &#50&#48 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 &#112&#97&#105&#110&#116 &#97&#13&#10&#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116 picture altogether: With radio &#109&#117&#115&#105&#99 &#112&#108&#97&#121&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#111&#102&#116&#108&#121 &#105&#110 the dark, euphoria began to come on in waves. After 20 minutes, visions became so intense that I tried to &#99&#108&#111&#115&#101 &#109&#121 &#101&#121&#101&#115&#46 &#87&#104&#101&#110&#101&#118&#101&#114 1 did close &#109&#121 &#101&#121&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#109&#121 &#101&#121&#101&#108&#105&#100&#115 &#102&#101&#108&#116 as if they were being sprayed from the &#111&#117&#116&#115&#105&#100&#101&#46 &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#115&#104&#97&#114&#112 and &#99&#108&#101&#97&#114&#44 &#98&#117&#116&#13&#10&#73 &#97&#108&#119&#97&#121&#115 &#113&#117&#105&#99&#107&#108&#121 opened my eyes &#97&#103&#97&#105&#110&#46 &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114&#115&#13&#10&#119&#101&#114&#101 &#100&#97&#110&#99&#105&#110&#103 &#108&#105&#107&#101 &#108&#97&#115&#101&#114 beams to the rhythm of the music. The stars in the sky assembled in clusters that reached &#97&#108&#108 &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#97&#121 &#105&#110&#116&#111 my soul. I was a little &#115&#99&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#100&#101&#97 that the ocean water might rush up all the way into &#111&#117&#114 &#104&#117&#116&#46&#13&#10&#79&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116&#44 feelings of euphoria were overwhelming.<br> &#65&#116 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#115&#44 &#73 &#119&#97&#115 overcome by fits of laughter.<br> That night, &#73 &#115&#108&#101&#112&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101 &#34&#97 prince &#34&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#13&#10&#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#111&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#73 gathered up my &#98&#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#105&#110&#103&#115&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#104&#97&#100 &#116&#111 &#119&#97&#108&#107 back across the pasture &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#73&#13&#10&#104&#97&#100 &#99&#111&#108&#108&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 mushrooms &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#97&#121 &#98&#101&#102&#111&#114&#101&#46 &#73&#13&#10&#110&#111&#116&#105&#99&#101&#100 a &#108&#111&#116 &#111 Dosages for Psilocybe australiana Guzmán & Watling, Psilocybe eucalypta Guzmán & by A. Hofmann, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals manufactured about 2 kg (ca. 4.4lbs) of pure psilocybin for scientific research purposes. The results of pharmacological testing soon revealed psilocybin as an alkaloid that was perfectly safe for human subjects under controlled experimental conditions. Despite this evidence, the anti-drug legislative framework of the mid1960s firmly established an "official mycophobia", a misguided, yet entrenched policy that still prevails today and effectively prevents the scientific investigation of promising potential applications for psilocybin and other alkaloids. At the same time, mycological and biochemical research studies have shown that psilocybincontaining mushrooms thrive all over the world and can be found on all continents. These mushrooms are no different from any other mycoflora and must not be excluded from scientific investigation because of their alkaloid content. In addition to overall variations in value systems across cultures, individuals tend to develop their own personal attitudes towards mushrooms in general. Oftentimes, the evolution of specific opinions about mushrooms can be traced back to childhood events, even though such early experiences seldom account for the development of prevailing biases and value systems later in life. I recall an incident from my own childhood, which occurred when I was about five years old. I was playing in a grassy meadow, when a girl pointed to a brown mushroom and earnestly explained that it was inedible and poisonous. While I have never forgotten this encounter, I did grow up to become a devoted mushroom enthusiast. On the other hand, a different childhood event has left me with the vivid memory of discovering a landfill virtually covered with vast numbers of gilled bluing mushrooms and the sense of awe I experienced contemplating this sight. In general, the unusual characteristics of these mushrooms are most likely responsible for strong impressions formed early in life, which then may develop into various attitudes or beliefs later on. An enduring personal interest in psychotropic mushroom species can serve to amplify or diminish mycophobic as well as mycophilic dispositions, depending on the influence of other factors. After all, judgments about the benefit or folly of deliberately altering one's state of consciousness are also colored by individual preferences, biases and opinions. The following chapters are meant to illustrate this diversity of attitudes towards psychotropic mushrooms. Descriptions of planned and involuntary experiments with specific mushroom species offer convincing evidence that the effects of psychoactive mushrooms are open to many possible interpretations. CHAPTER 3 THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT EUROPEAN SPECIES Figure 7 - Distribution pattern of Psilocybe cyanescens across Europe and North Africa (according to Krieglsteiner). 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