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<body> <div id="container"> <div id="header"> <from name="from1" id="from1" method="post" action=""> <input type="text" name="textfield" value="......" /> <input class=" button" type="submit" name="Submit" value="GO" /> </from> <h1>how to grow P. semilanceata</h1> <p>Copelandia cyanescens nz</p> </div> <div id="tabs10"> <ul> <li><a href="/" title="Link 1"><span>Home</span></a></li> <li><a href="/Archives.html" title="Link 2"><span>Forum</span></a></li> <li><a href="/About.html" title="Link 3"><span>About</span></a></li> <li><a href="/Forum.html" title="Link 4"><span>Chat</span></a></li> <li><a href="/Articles.html" title="Link 5"><span>About</span></a></li> <li><a href="/Chat.html" title="Link 6"><span>About</span></a></li> <li><a href="/Chat.html" title="Link 7"><span>Chat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="container2"> <div id="content"> <h2>Gold Mushroom Gold</h2> <p>Most recreational users of Psilocybe cubensis (when grown in vitro) require a dosage of 1 to 2 gm of dried mushrooms to produce an altered state of consciousness; a clinical dosage for Psilocybe cubensis, on the other hand, had previously been reported as ranging from 3 to 5 gm of dried material. This dosage would be comparable to the amount of fungal material consumed for religious purposes in a Mazatec Indian healing and curing ceremony. In 1982, one research team "found that the level of psilocybin and psilocin varies over a factor of 4 among various in vitro cultures of Psilocybe cubensis, while specimens from outdoors varied tenfold." A fresh dosage of Psilocybe cubensis in Australia would be approximately from 1 to 2 large mushrooms weighing up to as much as one fresh ounce, or as many as from 25 to 50 small mushrooms equaling the same weight amount. Ethnopharmacologist Jonathan Ott (1976, 1993) noted that he has observed "the ingestion of from 0.5 gm to 5.9 gm dried weight (10 gm to 40 gm fresh)", of various species of Psilocybe. Dosage for Psilocybe subcubensis would be the same as for Psilocybe cubensis. Both of these latter two species are macroscopically alike. The usual dosage for Copelandia cyanescens required to induce psychedelic visual effects ranges from 1 to 3 large specimens (cap diameter c. 5 mm), or as many as 5 to l0 medium-sized mushrooms (cap diameter c. 2.5 mm); however, personal tolerance to this species may occur with continued use, and some who consume large amounts of this mushroom have reportedly ingested as many as 50 to 200 fresh specimens of various sizes. , and who gorge themselves on our tax dollars. I met Jochen Gartz shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall at the third symposium of the European College for the Study of Consciousness (ECSC) in Freiburg, Germany. Our encounter was my first contact with a researcher from the former East Germany. Jochen Gartz's enthusiastic lecture was a truly consciousnessexpanding event, his words breaking down traditional borders and crossing over into new territory. The magic mushrooms spoke through him - with no trace of dogma or ideology - in the tradition of true anarchy that is the hallmark of mushroom magic. What I heard was unbelievable. Jochen spoke of a "new" psychedelic mushroom and its migration. The mycelia had spread in concentric circles outward from Leipzig, jumping all political borders. Finally, when the mycelia reached West German soil, the hated Berlin Wall crumbled. Could there possibly be a connection between the evolution of the magic mushroom and the evolution of our consciousness? Could a mushroom have contributed to the resolution of our political conflicts? In the past, politicians, even popes, had their own jesters and magicians, who functioned as pressure release valves in the machinations of political power struggles. It is obvious that a country whose chancellor is being pelted with eggs, urgently needs a new breed of magician who are able to readjust reality. But today, no aspiring magician should go about this task without this book as a guide for the wondrous journey into the realm of magic mushrooms. Christian Rdtsch Figure 5 - "Anthropomorphic Beings Engaged in Mushroom Dance" 10,000-year-old rock drawing in Tassili, Sahara (Algeria) CHAPTER 1 I BELIEVE THE TIME HAS COME FOR A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF NEW FINDINGS FROM THE FIELDS OF MYCOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY When R.G. Wasson, R. Heim and A. Hofmann began their interdisciplinary research program to study the Mexican species of mushrooms and their usage in Mexican mushroom cults, their efforts culminated in a 1958 landmark report that described the isolation, molecular structure and synthesis of the mushrooms' active ingredients: psilocybin and psilocin. Several years later, these substances were also identified in a species of mushroom in Europe, Psilocybe semilanceata, which became the first in a series of newly discovered species. Since then, psychoactive mushrooms from other genera have been reported with increasing frequency. As part of my analytical work dedicated to the identification of naturally occurring chemicals, I had the good fortune to be part of a research team that studied alkaloids found in a variety of mushroom species. Now I believe the time has come for a comprehensive review of new findings from the fields of mycology, taxonomy and natural products chemistry. Wasson and his successors have already provided detailed accounts pertaining to the history and study of the Me <br /><br /> <img border="2" src="/images/Psilocybin-Season-Wales-Psilocybin-252Bsoup.jpg" alt=" Goldcapvsredcapshrooms"> <p align="justify"> several members &#111&#102 &#97 &#102&#97&#109&#105&#108&#121 &#101&#97&#116 the mushrooms together: it &#105&#115 &#110&#111&#116 &#117&#110&#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110 &#102&#111&#114 a father, &#109&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#99&#104&#105&#108&#100&#114&#101&#110&#44 &#117&#110&#99&#108&#101&#115&#44 &#97&#110&#100 aunts to &#97&#108&#108 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#105&#112&#97&#116&#101 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 transformations of the mind that elevate &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115 &#111&#110&#116&#111 &#97 &#104&#105&#103&#104&#101&#114 plan. The kinship relation is thus the basis of the transcendental subjectivity that Husserl &#115&#97&#105&#100 &#105&#115 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#105&#118&#105&#116&#121&#46 &#84&#104&#101 mushrooms themselves are &#101&#97&#116&#101&#110 &#105&#110 &#112&#97&#105&#114&#115&#44 &#97 couple representing &#109&#97&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#119&#111&#109&#97&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#115&#121&#109&#98&#111&#108&#105&#122&#101&#115 the &#100&#117&#97&#108 &#112&#114&#105&#110&#99&#105&#112&#108&#101 &#111&#102 &#112&#114&#111&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 and creation.<br> Then they sit together in their &#105&#110&#110&#101&#114 &#108&#105&#103&#104&#116&#44 &#100&#114&#101&#97&#109 &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#101&#97&#108&#105&#122&#101 and converse with each &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#115&#101&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 together, their &#98&#111&#100&#105&#101&#115 &#105&#109&#109&#97&#116&#101&#114&#105&#97&#108&#105&#122&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#110&#101&#115&#115&#44 voices &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#119&#105&#116&#104&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#117&#110&#97&#108&#105&#116&#121&#46 &#73&#110 &#97 &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#108 sense, for <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/magical_shrooms_in_cow_dung.shtml" title="Magical Shrooms In Cow Dung" alt="Magical Shrooms In Cow Dung" >Magical Shrooms In Cow Dung</a> everyone present the purpose of the session is a &#116&#104&#101&#114&#97&#112&#101&#117&#116&#105&#99 &#99&#97&#116&#104&#97&#114&#115&#105&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108&#115 &#111&#102 transformation of revelation that open the circuits of light, vision, and communication, called by us &#109&#105&#110&#100&#45&#109&#97&#110&#105&#102&#101&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 the American Indians as medicines: the means given to men &#116&#111 &#107&#110&#111&#119 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#111 heal, to see and to say the truth. Among the Mazatecs, many, one &#116&#105&#109&#101 &#111&#114 &#97&#110&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#44 have eaten the mushrooms, whether to &#99&#117&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#109&#115&#101&#108&#118&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#97&#110 ailment or to resolve &#97 &#112&#114&#111&#98&#108&#101&#109&#59 &#98&#117&#116 &#105&#116 is not everyone &#119&#104&#111 &#104&#97&#115 &#97 &#112&#114&#101&#100&#105&#108&#101&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 for such extreme and arduous experiences of the &#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#109&#97&#103&#105&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#114 &#119&#104&#111 would want to repeat such journeys into the strange, unknown depths of &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#114&#97&#105&#110 &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121&#58 those who do &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#104&#97&#109&#97&#110&#115&#44 &#116&#104&#101 masters, whose vocation it is to eat the mushrooms because they are &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#101&#110 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#105&#114&#105&#116&#44 the men of &#108&#97&#110&#103&#117&#97&#103&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#101&#110 &#111&#102 wisdom. They are individuals recognized &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#112&#101&#111&#112&#108&#101 &#116&#111 be &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#116 &#105&#110 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108 adventures, &#97&#110&#100 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#115 eat the mushrooms they always call &#116&#111 &#98&#101 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101&#109&#44 as a guide, one of those who is &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#98&#101 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 acquainted with these modalities of the spirit. The medicine man presides over the session, &#102&#111&#114 &#106&#117&#115&#116 &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 Mazatec family is paternal and authoritarian, the liberating experience unfolds in the authoritarian context of a situation in which, rather than being allowed &#116&#111 &#115&#112&#101&#97&#107 &#111&#114 &#101&#110&#99&#111&#117&#114&#97&#103&#101&#100 &#116&#111 express themselves, everyone &#105&#115 &#101&#110&#106&#111&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#107&#101&#101&#112 silent &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#105&#115&#116&#101&#110 &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#101 shaman speaks for each &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#119&#104&#111 &#97&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#110&#116&#46 As one of &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#83&#112&#97&#110&#105&#115&#104 &#99&#104&#114&#111&#110&#105&#99&#108&#101&#114&#115 of the New World said: "They pay &#97 &#115&#111&#114&#99&#101&#114&#101&#114 &#119&#104&#111 &#101&#97&#116&#115 them the &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#93 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#101&#108&#108&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#109 &#119&#104&#97&#116 they have taught him. He does so by &#109&#101&#97&#110&#115 &#111&#102 &#97 &#114&#104&#121&#116&#104&#109&#105&#99 &#99&#104&#97&#110&#116 in full voice."several members of a family eat the &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#116&#111&#103&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#58 &#105&#116 &#105&#115 not uncommon &#102&#111&#114 &#97 &#102&#97&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#109&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 children, uncles, and aunts &#116&#111 &#97&#108&#108 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#105&#112&#97&#116&#101 &#105&#110 these transformations of &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#105&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#101&#108&#101&#118&#97&#116&#101 consciousness onto a higher plan. The &#107&#105&#110&#115&#104&#105&#112 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115 &#116&#104&#117&#115 the &#98&#97&#115&#105&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#99&#101&#110&#100&#101&#110&#116&#97&#108 subjectivity &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#72&#117&#115&#115&#101&#114&#108 &#115&#97&#105&#100 &#105&#115 intersubjectivity. The mushrooms &#116&#104&#101&#109&#115&#101&#108&#118&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#101&#97&#116&#101&#110 &#105&#110 pairs, &#97 &#99&#111&#117&#112&#108&#101 &#114&#101&#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#110&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#97&#110 and woman that symbolizes the dual principle of procreation and creation. Then they sit together in their inner light, dream and realize and converse with each other, &#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#115&#101&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#116&#111&#103&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 their bodies immaterialized by the blackness, voices from without their communality. In a general sense, for everyone present the purpose of the session is &#97 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#97&#112&#101&#117&#116&#105&#99 &#99&#97&#116&#104&#97&#114&#115&#105&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108&#115 of transformation of revelation that open the circuits of light, vision, and &#99&#111&#109&#109&#117&#110&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#99&#97&#108&#108&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#117&#115 mind-manifesting, &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 American Indians as medicines: the means &#103&#105&#118&#101&#110 &#116&#111 &#109&#101&#110 &#116&#111 know and to heal, to see and to say the &#116&#114&#117&#116&#104&#46 &#65&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99&#115&#44 many, one time or &#97&#110&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#108&#105&#118&#101&#115&#44 have eaten &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#44 &#119&#104&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#116&#111 &#99&#117&#114&#101 themselves of an ailment or &#116&#111 &#114&#101&#115&#111&#108&#118&#101 &#97 &#112&#114&#111&#98&#108&#101&#109&#59 but &#105&#116 &#105&#115 &#110&#111&#116 &#101&#118&#101&#114&#121&#111&#110&#101 who has a predilection &#102&#111&#114 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#101&#120&#116&#114&#101&#109&#101 &#97&#110&#100 arduous experiences &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#109&#97&#103&#105&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 or who would want &#116&#111 &#114&#101&#112&#101&#97&#116 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#106&#111&#117&#114&#110&#101&#121&#115 into &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#114&#97&#110&#103&#101&#44 &#117&#110&#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#100&#101&#112&#116&#104&#115 of the brain very frequently: those who do are the shamans, the &#109&#97&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#119&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#118&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#116 is to eat the mushrooms &#98&#101&#99&#97&#117&#115&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#101&#110 of &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#105&#114&#105&#116&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#101&#110 &#111&#102 language, the men of &#119&#105&#115&#100&#111&#109&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#121 &#97&#114&#101 &#105&#110&#100&#105&#118&#105&#100&#117&#97&#108&#115 &#114&#101&#99&#111&#103&#110&#105&#122&#101&#100 by their people to &#98&#101 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#116 &#105&#110 &#115&#117&#99&#104 psychological adventures, and when the others eat the mushrooms &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#97&#108&#119&#97&#121&#115 &#99&#97&#108&#108 &#116&#111 be with them, as a guide, one of those who is considered to be particularly acquainted with these modalities of &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#105&#114&#105&#116&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#109&#101&#100&#105&#99&#105&#110&#101 man presides over the session, for just as &#116&#104&#101 &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99 &#102&#97&#109&#105&#108&#121 &#105&#115 paternal and authoritarian, the liberating experience unfolds in the authoritarian context of a situation in which, rather than being allowed &#116&#111 &#115&#112&#101&#97&#107 &#111&#114 &#101&#110&#99&#111&#117&#114&#97&#103&#101&#100 to express &#116&#104&#101&#109&#115&#101&#108&#118&#101&#115&#44 &#101&#118&#101&#114&#121&#111&#110&#101 &#105&#115 &#101&#110&#106&#111&#105&#110&#101&#100 to &#107&#101&#101&#112 &#115&#105&#108&#101&#110&#116 &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#105&#115&#116&#101&#110 &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 the shaman speaks for each &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#119&#104&#111 &#97&#114&#101 present. As one of &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#83&#112&#97&#110&#105&#115&#104 &#99&#104&#114&#111&#110&#105&#99&#108&#101&#114&#115 of the New World said: &#34&#84&#104&#101&#121 &#112&#97&#121 &#97 &#115&#111&#114&#99&#101&#114&#101&#114 who eats them the mushrooms] &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#101&#108&#108&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#109 &#119&#104&#97&#116 they have taught &#104&#105&#109&#46 &#72&#101 &#100&#111&#101&#115 &#115&#111 by means of a rhythmic chant in full voice."several &#109&#101&#109&#98&#101&#114&#115 &#111&#102 &#97 &#102&#97&#109&#105&#108&#121 eat the mushrooms together: it is not uncommon for &#97 &#102&#97&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#109&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#99&#104&#105&#108&#100&#114&#101&#110&#44 uncles, and aunts to all &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#105&#112&#97&#116&#101 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#102&#111&#114&#109&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 of the mind that elevate consciousness onto &#97 &#104&#105&#103&#104&#101&#114 &#112&#108&#97&#110&#46 &#84&#104&#101 kinship relation is thus &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#97&#115&#105&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 transcendental subjectivity &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#72&#117&#115&#115&#101&#114&#108 &#115&#97&#105&#100 &#105&#115 intersubjectivity. The mushrooms themselves are eaten in pairs, a couple representing man and woman that symbolizes the dual principle of &#112&#114&#111&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#110 they sit &#116&#111&#103&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#105&#110&#110&#101&#114 light, &#100&#114&#101&#97&#109 &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#101&#97&#108&#105&#122&#101 &#97&#110&#100 converse with each &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#115&#101&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 together, their bodies &#105&#109&#109&#97&#116&#101&#114&#105&#97&#108&#105&#122&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#110&#101&#115&#115&#44 voices from without their communality. In a general sense, &#102&#111&#114 &#101&#118&#101&#114&#121&#111&#110&#101 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#110&#116 &#116&#104&#101 purpose of &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#101&#115&#115&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115 &#97 therapeutic catharsis.<br> The chemicals of &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#102&#111&#114&#109&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#114&#101&#118&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#116&#104&#97&#116 open the circuits of light, vision, and communication, called by us mind-manifesting, were &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#73&#110&#100&#105&#97&#110&#115 as medicines: the means given to &#109&#101&#110 &#116&#111 &#107&#110&#111&#119 &#97&#110&#100 to heal, to see and to say the truth.<br> Among the Mazatecs, many, one &#116&#105&#109&#101 &#111&#114 &#97&#110&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 their lives, have eaten the &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#44 &#119&#104&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#116&#111 &#99&#117&#114&#101 themselves of an ailment or to resolve &#97 &#112&#114&#111&#98&#108&#101&#109&#59 &#98&#117&#116 &#105&#116 is not everyone &#119&#104&#111 &#104&#97&#115 &#97 &#112&#114&#101&#100&#105&#108&#101&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 for such extreme and arduous experiences of the creative &#105&#109&#97&#103&#105&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#114 &#119&#104&#111 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 want to repeat such journeys into the strange, &#117&#110&#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#100&#101&#112&#116&#104&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#114&#97&#105&#110 &#118&#101&#114&#121 frequently: those who do are the shamans, the masters, whose vocation it is to eat the mushrooms because &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#101&#110 of the spirit, the men of language, the men &#111&#102 &#119&#105&#115&#100&#111&#109&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#121 &#97&#114&#101 individuals recognized by their &#112&#101&#111&#112&#108&#101 &#116&#111 &#98&#101 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#116 in such psychological adventures, and when the others &#101&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#97&#108&#119&#97&#121&#115 call to be with them, as a guide, one &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#119&#104&#111 &#105&#115 considered &#116&#111 &#98&#101 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#97&#99&#113&#117&#97&#105&#110&#116&#101&#100 with these &#109&#111&#100&#97&#108&#105&#116&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#105&#114&#105&#116&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#109&#101&#100&#105&#99&#105&#110&#101 man presides over the session, for &#106&#117&#115&#116 &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99 &#102&#97&#109&#105&#108&#121 is paternal and authoritarian, the liberating experience unfolds <u>Panaeolus Subbalteatus Cultivation</u> in &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#117&#116&#104&#111&#114&#105&#116&#97&#114&#105&#97&#110 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#101&#120&#116 &#111&#102 a situation in which, rather than being allowed to speak or encouraged to express themselves, everyone is enjoined to keep silent and listen &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#104&#97&#109&#97&#110 &#115&#112&#101&#97&#107&#115 &#102&#111&#114 each of those who are present.<br> &#65&#115 &#111&#110&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 early &#83&#112&#97&#110&#105&#115&#104 &#99&#104&#114&#111&#110&#105&#99&#108&#101&#114&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 New World said: "They pay &#97 &#115&#111&#114&#99&#101&#114&#101&#114 &#119&#104&#111 &#101&#97&#116&#115 them the mushrooms and tells them what they have taught him. He does so by means of a rhythmic chant in full voice."several members of a family eat the mushrooms &#116&#111&#103&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#58 &#105&#116 &#105&#115 &#110&#111&#116 &#117&#110&#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110 for a father, &#109&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#99&#104&#105&#108&#100&#114&#101&#110&#44 &#117&#110&#99&#108&#101&#115&#44 &#97&#110&#100 aunts to all participate in these transformations of the mind that elevate consciousness onto a higher plan. The &#107&#105&#110&#115&#104&#105&#112 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115 &#116&#104&#117&#115 the basis of the transcendental subjectivity that Husserl said is intersubjectivity. &#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#109&#115&#101&#108&#118&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 eaten in pairs, &#97 &#99&#111&#117&#112&#108&#101 &#114&#101&#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#110&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#97&#110 and woman that &#115&#121&#109&#98&#111&#108&#105&#122&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#117&#97&#108 &#112&#114&#105&#110&#99&#105&#112&#108&#101 of procreation and &#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#115&#105&#116 together in their inner &#108&#105&#103&#104&#116&#44 &#100&#114&#101&#97&#109 &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#101&#97&#108&#105&#122&#101 and &#99&#111&#110&#118&#101&#114&#115&#101 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#101&#97&#99&#104 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 presences seated there together, their bodies immaterialized by the blackness, &#118&#111&#105&#99&#101&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#119&#105&#116&#104&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 communality. In a &#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#108 &#115&#101&#110&#115&#101&#44 &#102&#111&#114 &#101&#118&#101&#114&#121&#111&#110&#101 present the &#112&#117&#114&#112&#111&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#101&#115&#115&#105&#111&#110 is a therapeutic catharsis.<br> The chemicals of transformation of revelation that open the circuits of light, &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#117&#110&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#99&#97&#108&#108&#101&#100 by &#117&#115 &#109&#105&#110&#100&#45&#109&#97&#110&#105&#102&#101&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 to the &#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#73&#110&#100&#105&#97&#110&#115 &#97&#115 &#109&#101&#100&#105&#99&#105&#110&#101&#115&#58 the means given to men to know &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#111 &#104&#101&#97&#108&#44 &#116&#111 see and to <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/How_were_shrooms_discovered.shtml" title="How Were Shrooms Discovered" alt="How Were Shrooms Discovered" >How Were Shrooms Discovered</a> say the truth. Among the &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99&#115&#44 &#109&#97&#110&#121&#44 &#111&#110&#101 &#116&#105&#109&#101 or another during their lives, have eaten the mushrooms, whether to &#99&#117&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#109&#115&#101&#108&#118&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#97&#110 ailment or to resolve a problem; but it is &#110&#111&#116 &#101&#118&#101&#114&#121&#111&#110&#101 &#119&#104&#111 &#104&#97&#115 a predilection for such extreme and arduous experiences &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#105&#109&#97&#103&#105&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 or who &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#119&#97&#110&#116 &#116&#111 &#114&#101&#112&#101&#97&#116 such journeys into the &#115&#116&#114&#97&#110&#103&#101&#44 &#117&#110&#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#100&#101&#112&#116&#104&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 brain very frequently: those &#119&#104&#111 &#100&#111 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101 shamans, the masters, whose vocation it is &#116&#111 &#101&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 because &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#101&#110 of the spirit, the &#109&#101&#110 &#111&#102 &#108&#97&#110&#103&#117&#97&#103&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101 men of wisdom.<br> They are individuals &#114&#101&#99&#111&#103&#110&#105&#122&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#112&#101&#111&#112&#108&#101 to be expert in such psychological adventures, and when the &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#115 &#101&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 they always call to be with them, as a guide, one of those who is considered to &#98&#101 &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#97&#99&#113&#117&#97&#105&#110&#116&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 modalities &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#105&#114&#105&#116&#46 &#84&#104&#101 medicine man presides &#111&#118&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#101&#115&#115&#105&#111&#110&#44 &#102&#111&#114 just as &#116&#104&#101 &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99 &#102&#97&#109&#105&#108&#121 &#105&#115 &#112&#97&#116&#101&#114&#110&#97&#108 and authoritarian, &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#105&#98&#101&#114&#97&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#117&#110&#102&#111&#108&#100&#115 in the authoritarian &#99&#111&#110&#116&#101&#120&#116 &#111&#102 &#97 &#115&#105&#116&#117&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 in which, rather than &#98&#101&#105&#110&#103 &#97&#108&#108&#111&#119&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#115&#112&#101&#97&#107 or encouraged &#116&#111 &#101&#120&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#109&#115&#101&#108&#118&#101&#115&#44 &#101&#118&#101&#114&#121&#111&#110&#101 is &#101&#110&#106&#111&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#107&#101&#101&#112 &#115&#105&#108&#101&#110&#116 and &#108&#105&#115&#116&#101&#110 &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#104&#97&#109&#97&#110 speaks for each of those &#119&#104&#111 &#97&#114&#101 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#110&#116&#46 &#65&#115 one of the early Spanish chroniclers of the &#78&#101&#119 &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100 &#115&#97&#105&#100&#58 &#34&#84&#104&#101&#121 pay a sorcerer &#119&#104&#111 &#101&#97&#116&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#109 &#116&#104&#101 mushrooms and tells &#116&#104&#101&#109 &#119&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 taught him. He does so by &#109&#101&#97&#110&#115 &#111&#102 &#97 &#114&#104&#121&#116&#104&#109&#105&#99 chant in &#102&#117&#108&#108 &#118&#111&#105&#99&#101&#46&#34 </p> <div align="left"> &#101&#100&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101 &#110&#117&#109&#98&#101&#114&#115 &#111&#102 studies were conducted, primarily with LSD. These investigators sought &#116&#111&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#114&#101&#99&#101&#112&#116&#111&#114 &#98&#105&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 sites for hallucinogenic compounds in the brain and to understand the mechanisms underlying the genesis &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#101&#100&#101&#108&#105&#99 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#115&#46 &#84&#111&#100&#97&#121&#44 we &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108&#13&#10&#108&#97&#99&#107 &#97 &#115&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#111&#114&#101&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 framework able &#116&#111&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#108&#97&#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#104&#105&#112 &#98&#101&#116&#119&#101&#101&#110 &#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108&#13&#10&#99&#111&#109&#112&#111&#117&#110&#100&#115 and &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#110&#105&#102&#101&#115&#116&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#105&#116&#121&#46 Even though basic research is certainly important, its methods, unfortunately, are often a function of a rather one-sided pharmacological approach to &#105&#110&#118&#101&#115&#116&#105&#103&#97&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 &#76&#83&#68 and mescaline - an approach that is, in fact, too narrow to address &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#114&#107&#97&#98&#108&#121 &#117&#110&#117&#115&#117&#97&#108 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101 &#111&#102 these substances and their effects. Misunderstandings between pharmacologists and toxicologists on the one hand and psychiatrists and &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#111&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 can often be traced all the way back to the &#49&#57&#53&#48&#39&#115&#44&#13&#10&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#97 &#108&#101&#103&#97&#99&#121 &#111&#102 disputes and <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/PAzurescensnicknames.shtml" title="Pazurescensnicknames" alt="Pazurescensnicknames" >Pazurescensnicknames</a> arguments that have yet to be resolved. S. Grof undertook the tedious &#116&#97&#115&#107 &#111&#102 &#97&#110&#97&#108&#121&#122&#105&#110&#103 &#53&#44&#48&#48&#48 experimental LSD protocols in an effort to isolate &#34&#97&#98&#115&#111&#108&#117&#116&#101&#34&#13&#10&#115&#121&#109&#112&#116&#111&#109&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#97&#114&#101 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 or occur all of the time. His results were negative. According to Grof, hallucinogenic substances &#97&#114&#101 &#110&#111&#110&#45&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#102&#105&#99 &#116&#114&#105&#103&#103&#101&#114&#115&#13&#10&#99&#97&#117&#115&#105&#110&#103 &#97 sequence of altered states of consciousness, &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#100&#111 &#110&#111&#116 &#102&#105&#116 &#116&#104&#101 syndrome labeled "toxic &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#115&#105&#115&#34&#46 &#82&#97&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#105&#116 &#105&#115 the individual's personality, along with &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116&#97&#108 &#115&#101&#116&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#115&#105&#103&#110&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#110&#116&#108&#121 &#115&#104&#97&#112&#101 the nature of the psychedelic experience. &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#118&#105&#101&#119 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#115&#104&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#97 majority of &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#116&#115 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#105&#110 conducting psychedelics-assisted psychotherapy. Even "real" somatic symptoms, such as nausea or vomiting, &#99&#97&#110 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#98&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#114&#111&#108&#108&#101&#100&#13&#10&#116&#104&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#99&#97&#108 intervention &#116&#101&#99&#104&#110&#105&#113&#117&#101&#115&#13&#10&#97&#100&#109&#105&#110&#105&#115&#116&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#116&#114&#97&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#112&#114&#111&#102&#101&#115&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#115&#46&#13&#10&#65 Plethora of Names The broad range of possible &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115&#13&#10&#105&#110&#115&#112&#105&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 labels other than "hallucinogens", with widely differing &#115&#101&#109&#97&#110&#116&#105&#99&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#110&#111&#116&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#58 &#101&#110&#116&#104&#101&#111&#103&#101&#110&#115&#44 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#101&#100&#101&#108&#105&#99&#115&#44&#13&#10&#105&#108&#108&#117&#115&#105&#111&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#115&#44 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#108&#121&#116&#105&#99&#115&#44 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#109&#105&#109&#101&#116&#105&#99&#115&#44&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#100&#121&#115&#108&#101&#112&#116&#105&#99&#97&#44 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#101&#109&#101&#116&#105&#99&#115 and &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#115&#46&#13&#10&#34&#80&#104&#97&#110&#116&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#34 &#40&#76&#101&#119&#105&#110&#41 &#105&#115 &#116&#104&#101 oldest label ever used to describe this class of &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115&#13&#10&#116&#101&#114&#109 &#115&#117&#99&#99&#101&#115&#115&#102&#117&#108&#108&#121 &#101&#118&#111&#107&#101&#115 dream-like, &#102&#97&#110&#99&#105&#102&#117&#108&#13&#10&#97&#115&#112&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#44 as well &#97&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#111&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#97&#108&#13&#10&#102&#111&#114 &#101&#117&#112&#104&#111&#114&#105&#99 and dysphoric emotional overtones. More recent terminology often says more about semantic biases of those who use &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#97&#98&#101&#108&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#110&#13&#10&#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#97&#110&#121 factual, objective characteristics of the alkaloids they refer to. Accordingly, official antidrug propaganda since the &#49&#57&#54&#48&#39&#115 &#104&#97&#115 &#100&#105&#115&#112&#97&#114&#97&#103&#101&#100 &#34&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#101&#100&#101&#108&#105&#99&#115&#34 as excessively glamorous and &#116&#111&#111 &#112&#111&#115&#105&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#97 &#108&#97&#98&#101&#108&#44 as the term was popular among Timothy &#76&#101&#97&#114&#121&#39&#115 &#102&#97&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#115&#117&#112&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#114&#115&#46&#13&#10&#87&#104&#101&#110 &#117&#115&#101&#100 &#105&#110 low doses or for the first time, these substances are most likely &#116&#111 &#98&#114&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#97 &#107&#105&#110&#100 of magical transformation &#111&#102&#13&#10&#115&#117&#114&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103&#115&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 &#104&#101&#105&#103&#104&#116&#101&#110&#101&#100 ability to perceive subtle &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114 spectru </div><br /> </p> <h2>Psilocybe subaeruginosa high</h2> <p> e creek on wood chips of Carpinus, Alnus and Salix, on raw compost mixtures of Picea, Pinus and Larix needles, as Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Figure 21 - Fruiting curve of Psilocybe cyanescens based on observations at several locations in the former Czechoslovakia. The mycelia make use of different kinds of plant debris and even grow on wet cardboard, where they develop into rhizomorphs just like they would in nature. Rhizomorphs are thick strands of mycelia that serve to transport nutrients and water. They also develop intense blue stains (see Figure 22). Figure 23 Distribution pattern of Psilocybe cyanescens in Germany and adjacent areas (according to Krieglsteiner). Locations are indicated by black dots. Figure 22 Psilocybe bohemica rhizomorphs growing on wet cardboard. Figure 24 - Psilocybe cyanescens at a natural location (USA). Figure 25 - Psilocybe bohemica on twigs and leaves. Impressive Experiences Psilocybe bohemica is a very psychoactive species. Its effects are vividly documented in the following account of one natural scientist's experience as part of controlled clinical trials in Prague: About 30 mg of psilocybin in mushroom tissue was prepared in hot water, with effects already noticeable ten minutes after ingestion. I grew increasingly quiet. At first, my legs began to tingle, then my underarms as well. Aside from a deeper breathing rhythm, few other somatic effects were noted. Initially there were fits of laughter caused by unusual cognitive associations; this laughter also affected the two "sober" guides. A growing hyperacuity interfered with the ability to listen to music, so that Vivaldi's "Springtime" caused painful stabs inside the brain. I compared the pain to that caused by a "sawing knife". The experimenters appeared bloated and yellow... Existing bodily characteristics, such as thinning hair stimulated a person's illusionary transformation into a monk with tonsure. Their voices also appeared reverent and, from a somewhat paranoid point of view, these gentlemen at times seemed to be working a switching station that, for some reasons, was my enemy. At the same time, I found both of them to be quite likeable. During this time period, the other female subject perceived fantastic images of moving colors and saw visions of her whole life unfolding behind closed eyes. During this period, I had the distinct impression that an electrical current was flowing through my body, which was not an uncomfortable sensation. About three hours later, the gentlemen retired to the kitchen and the nature of the experience changed quite drastically. At first I felt as if my legs were increasingly merging into the wall, a very comfortable experience. In a state of utter clarity of consciousness, I finally felt as if I had no body at all. I said. "The most descriptive expression is the experience of a pure soul". Using words as triggers, we were able to induce shared experiences o ure of Psilocybe semilanceata (with sclerotia formation). Figure 48 - Inocybe aeruginascens on grassy soil Figure 49 - Psilocybe cubensis on horse manure and rice. portions of mycelia whose texture is somewhat like wool. The kind of viruses known to appear in champignon cultures - where they have already caused a lot of damage - have so far not been found in cultures of the Psilocybe and Panaeolus species. It is safe to say that we currently know a great deal about the nutritional requirements of Psilocybe cubensis. To a lesser extent, such information is available about other species as well. Armed with this knowledge, future researchers may well discover new insights into physiology of these species, as well as the biochemical changes that occur during fruiting. In my experiments, it has already been established that the process of differentiation whereby mycelia are transformed into sclerotia or fruiting bodies is linked to increased production of psilocybin as well as psilocin, especially in Psilocybe cubensis. Due to the relatively complex methodology and the type of equipment needed to isolate and maintain sterile cultures, it appears unlikely that cultivation of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms by laypersons will significantly heighten the mushroom's popularity or widen its area of distribution anytime soon. However, since the early 1980s, growing numbers of mycophiles in North America and Europe have successfully used "natural outdoor cultivation" to fruit Psilocybe cyanescens and similar species. This process involves selection of natural wood substrates striated with mycelia (rhizomorphs) that usually turn blue in response to handling. The mycelia are then transferred onto fresh wood chips or commercial mulch (not from cedar trees). After several months of growth, the mycelia fruit during the fall season. Figure 50 - Surface culture of Inocybe aeruginascens on a liquid nutrient medium. Figure 51 - Panaeolus subbalteatus on cow dung and rice. Figure 52 - Psilocybe cubensis on wet newspaper. CHAPTER 7 PSYCHOTROPIC MUSHROOM SPECIES AROUND THE WORLD Figure 53 - Psilocybe cubensis on compost. Figure 54 - Psilocybe stuntzii (grasslands variety) from British Columbia. Figure 55 - Giant mushroom sculpture from Kerala, India. There is considerable debate among experts about the significance and purpose of the sculpture. Figure 56 - Magic mushrooms & water buffalo t-shirt from Thailand, designed for the Western tourist market. CHAPTER 7.1 SPOTLIGHT ON NORTH AMERICA AND HAWAII In 1961, V.E. Tyler became the first investigator to report the detection of psilocybin in Psilocybe pelliculosa (Smith) Singer & Smith, a North American mushroom species. One year later, two research groups, working independently, discovered psilocybin, as well as psilocin, in samples of Psilocybe baeocystis Singer & Smith from the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Additional chemical and taxonomic findin a have been reported from the following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, Wales, Italy and Spain. Unfortunately, there are no comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution pattern. Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected relatively tiny species, such as Psilocybe semilanceata, that tend to share their habitats with other, more prominent species. The sarcastic phrase "The mushrooms occur in abundance wherever mycologists abound" is particularly pertinent in reference to the Psilocybe species. Prior to the discovery of psilocybin, the Psilocybe genus languished in the literature, shrouded in obscurity. To this day, few 189. Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. Worthless] The cap is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, with a pointy or obtuse center forming an almost wart-like protrusion; initially, caps are often taller than they are wide, margins are bent and curved inward; later on, width of cap is 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; coloration is a dirtyish olive-brown when wet, with translucent striate margins; at the center, coloration is ocher or greenish-yellow against an overall shade of smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; only the margins are banded by a darkcolored, watery stripe around the edge. No stripes or banding evident when mushrooms are completely dried. Lacking a veil, caps are thin-fleshed, bald, with an easily separable pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky for a long time, turning shiny when dry. Gills are olive brown to blackish purple brown in color, with the edges often remaining white, gill spacing is quite crowded; gill attachment is either roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; attached at the stem only, fully detached later on. Spores are elongated to ellipitical in shape, smooth and large, measuring 12-16 u by 6-8,u. Color of spore dust is blackish purple brown. Stem is very slender, almost uniformly thin and always twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm thick, yellowish or whitish in color; areas subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth and roughly at the center, cortinate fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which is brittle and lined with a white fibrous cord of wool-like texture. When dry, the flesh of the cap is colored pale yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher brown in color, especially towards the bottom. It is odorless and its flavor is mild. The mushroom grows from August to October, frequently in gregarious clusters, and can be found in pastures and along roadways, growing on dung that has undergone complete decomposition. It is not a particularly rare species. Figure 11(above) This excellent description of Psilocybe semilanceata by Michael & Schulz (1927) is shown here as originally published in German, with an English translation. Mycologists sp e creek on wood chips of Carpinus, Alnus and Salix, on raw compost mixtures of Picea, Pinus and Larix needles, as Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Figure 21 - Fruiting curve of Psilocybe cyanescens based on observations at several locations in the former Czechoslovakia. The mycelia make use of different kinds of plant debris and even grow on wet cardboard, where they develop into rhizomorphs just like they would in nature. Rhizomorphs are thick strands of mycelia that serve to transport nutrients and water. They also develop intense blue stains (see Figure 22). Figure 23 Distribution pattern of Psilocybe cyanescens in Germany and adjacent areas (according to Krieglsteiner). Locations are indicated by black dots. Figure 22 Psilocybe bohemica rhizomorphs growing on wet cardboard. Figure 24 - Psilocybe cyanescens at a natural location (USA). Figure 25 - Psilocybe bohemica on twigs and leaves. Impressive Experiences Psilocybe bohemica is a very psychoactive species. Its effects are vividly documented in the following account of one natural scientist's experience as part of controlled clinical trials in Prague: About 30 mg of psilocybin in mushroom tissue was prepared in hot water, with effects already noticeable ten minutes after ingestion. I grew increasingly quiet. At first, my legs began to tingle, then my underarms as well. Aside from a deeper breathing rhythm, few other somatic effects were noted. Initially there were fits of laughter caused by unusual cognitive associations; this laughter also affected the two "sober" guides. A growing hyperacuity interfered with the ability to listen to music, so that Vivaldi's "Springtime" caused painful stabs inside the brain. I compared the pain to that caused by a "sawing knife". The experimenters appeared bloated and yellow... Existing bodily characteristics, such as thinning hair stimulated a person's illusionary transformation into a monk with tonsure. Their voices also appeared reverent and, from a somewhat paranoid point of view, these gentlemen at times seemed to be working a switching station that, for some reasons, was my enemy. At the same time, I found both of them to be quite likeable. During this time period, the other female subject perceived fantastic images of moving colors and saw visions of her whole life unfolding behind closed eyes. During this period, I had the distinct impression that an electrical current was flowing through my body, which was not an uncomfortable sensation. About three hours later, the gentlemen retired to the kitchen and the nature of the experience changed quite drastically. At first I felt as if my legs were increasingly merging into the wall, a very comfortable experience. In a state of utter clarity of consciousness, I finally felt as if I had no body at all. I said. "The most descriptive expression is the experience of a pure soul". Using words as triggers, we were able to induce shared experiences o This <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/giantpsilocybemushrooms.shtml" title="Giantpsilocybemushrooms" alt="Giantpsilocybemushrooms" >Giantpsilocybemushrooms</a> &#100&#111&#99&#117&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#112&#114&#111&#118&#105&#100&#101&#115 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101 &#100&#105&#114&#101&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 for cultivating psilocybin Macroscopically, it is extremely difficult to distinguish from Psilocybe semilanceata. Unlike the latter species, however, Psilocybe pelliculosa will grow in forests on wood chips and sawdust. Beug and Bigwood were able to furnish analytical proof in support of the claim that Psilocybe pelliculosa is weaker in its psychotropic effects than comparable species. Psilocybe pelliculosa contains about 30-50% of the amount of psilocybin found in Psilocybe cyanescens (slang names: Blue wavy, Cyan, Grandote), a species common across the Pacific Northwest. It fruits primarily in parks, forming partial fairy rings. This species did not become popular among users until the mid-1970s. species still fruits most abundantly in the fall. A New Psychoactive Mushroom Mushroom Trips as a Popular Sport Several additional Psilocybe species have been found in the Pacific Northwest, even though the taxonomic classification of most of these species remains inadequate, despite the fact that monographs such as those by P. Stamets offer quite detailed descriptions of the psychotropic mycoflora. In the mid-1970s, Guzman and Ott reported a rather spectacular event concerning the spread of a "new" mushroom species. During the fall of 1972, large numbers of a strongly bluing gilled mushroom with a distinct ring pattern were found at the University of Washington in Seattle. The fruiting bodies were found growing on bark mulch, which came from a central distribution point and which had been spread widely across the campus by gardeners. Due to the bluing reaction, students at the university assumed that the mushroom contained psilocybin, a belief that was confirmed later on. The sudden appearance of massive numbers of fruiting bodies quickly inspired students at the university to use the mushrooms as a hallucinogen. In my opinion, it is still uncertain if the mushroom really appeared spontaneously, or whether it fruited on bark debris simply because the substance had previously been mixed with spawn derived from fruiting bodies that originated elsewhere. In any case, in 1976, the mushrooms were named Psilocybe stuntzii Guzman & Ott (slang name: "blue veil" or "stuntzees", (see Figures 54 and 71). Today, the species can be found growing on bark and on lawns in parks, on golf courses, football fields and gardens in numbers so large that it is considered the second most important species in terms of usage, after Psilocybe semilanceata. In addition, Panaeolus subbalteatus is another regionally important mushroom species (slang name: "red cap"), even though its users believe it to be slightly more poisonous than the Psilocybe species. Still, the mushroom is used quite frequently, because it begins to fruit during the spring. The Psilocybe species, on the other hand, do not appear until fall and continue to grow into early winter, when temperatures consistently drop below freezing, which inhibits further fruiting of the spe <br /> </p> <h2>Cultivating Panaeolus Cyanescens</h2> <p> Macroscopically, it is extremely difficult to distinguish from Psilocybe semilanceata. Unlike the latter species, however, Psilocybe pelliculosa will grow in forests on wood chips and sawdust. Beug and Bigwood were able to furnish analytical proof in support of the claim that Psilocybe pelliculosa is weaker in its psychotropic effects than comparable species. Psilocybe pelliculosa contains about 30-50% of the amount of psilocybin found in Psilocybe cyanescens (slang names: Blue wavy, Cyan, Grandote), a species common across the Pacific Northwest. It fruits primarily in parks, forming partial fairy rings. This species did not become popular among users until the mid-1970s. species still fruits most abundantly in the fall. A New Psychoactive Mushroom Mushroom Trips as a Popular Sport Several additional Psilocybe species have been found in the Pacific Northwest, even though the taxonomic classification of most of these species remains inadequate, despite the fact that monographs such as those by P. Stamets offer quite detailed descriptions of the psychotropic mycoflora. In the mid-1970s, Guzman and Ott reported a rather spectacular event concerning the spread of a "new" mushroom species. During the fall of 1972, large numbers of a strongly bluing gilled mushroom with a distinct ring pattern were found at the University of Washington in Seattle. The fruiting bodies were found growing on bark mulch, which came from a central distribution point and which had been spread widely across the campus by gardeners. Due to the bluing reaction, students at the university assumed that the mushroom contained psilocybin, a belief that was confirmed later on. The sudden appearance of massive numbers of fruiting bodies quickly inspired students at the university to use the mushrooms as a hallucinogen. In my opinion, it is still uncertain if the mushroom really appeared spontaneously, or whether it fruited on bark debris simply because the substance had previously been mixed with spawn derived from fruiting bodies that originated elsewhere. In any case, in 1976, the mushrooms were named Psilocybe stuntzii Guzman & Ott (slang name: "blue veil" or "stuntzees", (see Figures 54 and 71). Today, the species can be found growing on bark and on lawns in parks, on golf courses, football fields and gardens in numbers so large that it is considered the second most important species in terms of usage, after Psilocybe semilanceata. In addition, Panaeolus subbalteatus is another regionally important mushroom species (slang name: "red cap"), even though its users believe it to be slightly more poisonous than the Psilocybe species. Still, the mushroom is used quite frequently, because it begins to fruit during the spring. The Psilocybe species, on the other hand, do not appear until fall and continue to grow into early winter, when temperatures consistently drop below freezing, which inhibits further fruiting of the spe In addition, many early users &#111&#102 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/libertycapsbark.shtml" title="Libertycapsbark" alt="Libertycapsbark" >Libertycapsbark</a> &#105&#110 Australia may have first become aware of &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#109&#105&#110&#100&#45&#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#97&#110&#100 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 effects by reading the &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101 &#111&#114 &#116&#104&#101 many news items appearing in the popular Australian press during the late l960's and early l970's. These news items often described both accidental &#97&#110&#100 &#100&#101&#108&#105&#98&#101&#114&#97&#116&#101 &#105&#110&#116&#111&#120&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#39&#115 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#114&#101&#115&#117&#108&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 the ingestion of &#115&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#101&#116&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushrooms".<br> For example, in 1972, one local newspaper report provided &#97&#110 &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116 &#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 use of these &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#98&#121 &#121&#111&#117&#110&#103 &#116&#101&#101&#110&#97&#103&#101&#114&#115 at a local high school in Brisbane: "...children at a suburban school are getting high on mushrooms called 'Gold Tops.' The &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 the Brisbane River near Toowing High School, and children in search of `kicks' have been experimenting with them &#40&#85&#110&#115&#105&#103&#110&#101&#100&#44 &#49&#57&#55&#50&#41&#46&#34 &#73&#116 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101 very obvious to &#97&#110&#121&#111&#110&#101 &#119&#104&#111 &#114&#101&#97&#100 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101 &#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 news &#105&#116&#101&#109&#44 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#105&#116 &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 in &#112&#114&#105&#110&#116&#44 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#105&#110&#103 for hallucinogenic &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101 &#97&#98&#108&#101 to find them if &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#115&#111 &#100&#101&#115&#105&#114&#101&#100&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#114&#101 is &#121&#101&#116 &#97&#110&#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#102&#97&#99&#116&#111&#114 &#116&#104&#97&#116 may have played a significant role in promoting interest &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 in Australia and NZ. Some drug users or mycophillic individuals &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#114&#101&#97&#100 &#111&#114 heard of R. <i>Psilocybe bohemica effects</i> Gordon Wasson's personal account of &#104&#105&#115 &#97&#100&#118&#101&#110&#116&#117&#114&#111&#117&#115 &#114&#101&#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#121 &#111&#102 an hallucinogenic mushroom cult among the Mazatec &#73&#110&#100&#105&#97&#110&#115 &#111&#102 &#83&#111&#117&#116&#104&#101&#114&#110 &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#46 Dr. &#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#114&#101&#109&#111&#110&#105&#97&#108 use of certain mushrooms as divinatory &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99&#115 and other native peoples in Oaxaca, Mexico (see Wasson, 1957).<br> This journalistic report of Wasson's research expedition &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#97&#110 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 edition of Life Magazine in the late l950's, providing many drug &#117&#115&#101&#114&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#115 &#119&#105&#116&#104 the incentive to seek out, find, and &#101&#118&#101&#110&#116&#117&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 mushrooms.<br> a have been reported from the following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, Wales, Italy and Spain. Unfortunately, there are no comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution pattern. Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected relatively tiny species, such as Psilocybe semilanceata, that tend to share their habitats with other, more prominent species. The sarcastic phrase "The mushrooms occur in abundance wherever mycologists abound" is particularly pertinent in reference to the Psilocybe species. Prior to the discovery of psilocybin, the Psilocybe genus languished in the literature, shrouded in obscurity. To this day, few 189. Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. Worthless] The cap is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, with a pointy or obtuse center forming an almost wart-like protrusion; initially, caps are often taller than they are wide, margins are bent and curved inward; later on, width of cap is 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; coloration is a dirtyish olive-brown when wet, with translucent striate margins; at the center, coloration is ocher or greenish-yellow against an overall shade of smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; only the margins are banded by a darkcolored, watery stripe around the edge. No stripes or banding evident when mushrooms are completely dried. Lacking a veil, caps are thin-fleshed, bald, with an easily separable pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky for a long time, turning shiny when dry. Gills are olive brown to blackish purple brown in color, with the edges often remaining white, gill spacing is quite crowded; gill attachment is either roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; attached at the stem only, fully detached later on. Spores are elongated to ellipitical in shape, smooth and large, measuring 12-16 u by 6-8,u. Color of spore dust is blackish purple brown. Stem is very slender, almost uniformly thin and always twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm thick, yellowish or whitish in color; areas subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth and roughly at the center, cortinate fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which is brittle and lined with a white fibrous cord of wool-like texture. When dry, the flesh of the cap is colored pale yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher brown in color, especially towards the bottom. It is odorless and its flavor is mild. The mushroom grows from August to October, frequently in gregarious clusters, and can be found in pastures and along roadways, growing on dung that has undergone complete decomposition. It is not a particularly rare species. Figure 11(above) This excellent description of Psilocybe semilanceata by Michael & Schulz (1927) is shown here as originally published in German, with an English translation. Mycologists sp The Mazatec Indians, who have a long tradition of using the mushrooms, inhabit a range of mountains called the Sierra Mazateca in the northeastern corner of the Mexican state of Oaxaca. The shamans in this essay are all natives of the town of Huautla de Jimenez. Properly speaking they are Huautecans; but since the language they speak has been called Mazatec and they have been referred to in the previous anthropological literature as Mazatecs, I have retained that name, though strictly speaking, Mazatecs are the inhabitants of the village of Mazatlan in the same mountains. Mind-altering (psilocybine containing) <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/blue_meanie_mushrooms.shtml" title="Blue Meanie Mushrooms" alt="Blue Meanie Mushrooms" >Blue Meanie Mushrooms</a> mushrooms have <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/psychedelic_mushrooms_drawings.shtml" title="Psychedelic Mushrooms Drawings" alt="Psychedelic Mushrooms Drawings" >Psychedelic Mushrooms Drawings</a> been traditionally used in religious healing and curing ceremonies &#98&#121 &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 e creek on wood chips of Carpinus, Alnus and Salix, on raw compost mixtures of Picea, Pinus and Larix needles, as Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Figure 21 - Fruiting curve of Psilocybe cyanescens based on observations at several locations in the former Czechoslovakia. The mycelia make use of different kinds of plant debris and even grow on wet cardboard, where they develop into rhizomorphs just like they would in nature. Rhizomorphs are thick strands of mycelia that serve to transport nutrients and water. They also develop intense blue stains (see Figure 22). Figure 23 Distribution pattern of Psilocybe cyanescens in Germany and adjacent areas (according to Krieglsteiner). Locations are indicated by black dots. Figure 22 Psilocybe bohemica rhizomorphs growing on wet cardboard. Figure 24 - Psilocybe cyanescens at a natural location (USA). Figure 25 - Psilocybe bohemica on twigs and leaves. Impressive Experiences Psilocybe bohemica is a very psychoactive species. Its effects are vividly documented in the following account of one natural scientist's experience as part of controlled clinical trials in Prague: About 30 mg of psilocybin in mushroom tissue was prepared in hot water, with effects already noticeable ten minutes after ingestion. I grew increasingly quiet. At first, my legs began to tingle, then my underarms as well. Aside from a deeper breathing rhythm, few other somatic effects were noted. Initially there were fits of laughter caused by unusual cognitive associations; this laughter also affected the two "sober" guides. A growing hyperacuity interfered with the ability to listen to music, so that Vivaldi's "Springtime" caused painful stabs inside the brain. I compared the pain to that caused by a "sawing knife". The experimenters appeared bloated and yellow... Existing bodily characteristics, such as thinning hair stimulated a person's illusionary transformation into a monk with tonsure. Their voices also appeared reverent and, from a somewhat paranoid point of view, these gentlemen at times seemed to be working a switching station that, for some reasons, was my enemy. At the same time, I found both of them to be quite likeable. During this time period, the other female subject perceived fantastic images of moving colors and saw visions of her whole life unfolding behind closed eyes. During this period, I had the distinct impression that an electrical current was flowing through my body, which was not an uncomfortable sensation. About three hours later, the gentlemen retired to the kitchen and the nature of the experience changed quite drastically. At first I felt as if my legs were increasingly merging into the wall, a very comfortable experience. In a state of utter clarity of consciousness, I finally felt as if I had no body at all. I said. "The most descriptive expression is the experience of a pure soul". 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