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<body> <div id="container"> <div id="header"> <from name="from1" id="from1" method="post" action=""> <input type="text" name="textfield" value="......" /> <input class=" button" type="submit" name="Submit" value="GO" /> </from> <h1> Gymnopilus Sp</h1> <p> What Is A Sub Cubensis</p> </div> <div id="tabs10"> <ul> <li><a href="/" title="Link 1"><span>Home</span></a></li> <li><a href="/ Magic Mushroom Identification.html" title="Link 2"><span> game shrooms</span></a></li> <li><a href="/Texas Psilocybe Psilocybe Texas Texas.html" title="Link 3"><span> Forum</span></a></li> <li><a href="/ hallucinating mushrooms of middle texas.html" title="Link 4"><span> Psilocybe Subaeruginosa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/mushrooms of magic part mushrooms magic find find.html" title="Link 5"><span> Tripping On Shrooms</span></a></li> <li><a href="/ trip shrooms.html" title="Link 6"><span> united states coins</span></a></li> <li><a href="/ magic mushroom pic.html" title="Link 7"><span> Forum</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="container2"> <div id="content"> <h2> best part of texas to find magic mushrooms</h2> <p>by A. Hofmann, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals manufactured about 2 kg (ca. 4.4lbs) of pure psilocybin for scientific research purposes. The results of pharmacological testing soon revealed psilocybin as an alkaloid that was perfectly safe for human subjects under controlled experimental conditions. Despite this evidence, the anti-drug legislative framework of the mid1960s firmly established an "official mycophobia", a misguided, yet entrenched policy that still prevails today and effectively prevents the scientific investigation of promising potential applications for psilocybin and other alkaloids. At the same time, mycological and biochemical research studies have shown that psilocybincontaining mushrooms thrive all over the world and can be found on all continents. These mushrooms are no different from any other mycoflora and must not be excluded from scientific investigation because of their alkaloid content. In addition to overall variations in value systems across cultures, individuals tend to develop their own personal attitudes towards mushrooms in general. Oftentimes, the evolution of specific opinions about mushrooms can be traced back to childhood events, even though such early experiences seldom account for the development of prevailing biases and value systems later in life. I recall an incident from my own childhood, which occurred when I was about five years old. I was playing in a grassy meadow, when a girl pointed to a brown mushroom and earnestly explained that it was inedible and poisonous. While I have never forgotten this encounter, I did grow up to become a devoted mushroom enthusiast. On the other hand, a different childhood event has left me with the vivid memory of discovering a landfill virtually covered with vast numbers of gilled bluing mushrooms and the sense of awe I experienced contemplating this sight. In general, the unusual characteristics of these mushrooms are most likely responsible for strong impressions formed early in life, which then may develop into various attitudes or beliefs later on. An enduring personal interest in psychotropic mushroom species can serve to amplify or diminish mycophobic as well as mycophilic dispositions, depending on the influence of other factors. After all, judgments about the benefit or folly of deliberately altering one's state of consciousness are also colored by individual preferences, biases and opinions. The following chapters are meant to illustrate this diversity of attitudes towards psychotropic mushrooms. Descriptions of planned and involuntary experiments with specific mushroom species offer convincing evidence that the effects of psychoactive mushrooms are open to many possible interpretations. CHAPTER 3 THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT EUROPEAN SPECIES Figure 7 - Distribution pattern of Psilocybe cyanescens across Europe and North Africa (according to Krieglsteiner). Black dots indicate approximate locatio <div align="center"> , and who &#103&#111&#114&#103&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#109&#115&#101&#108&#118&#101&#115 &#111&#110 &#111&#117&#114 &#116&#97&#120 dollars. I met Jochen Gartz &#115&#104&#111&#114&#116&#108&#121 &#97&#102&#116&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#97&#108&#108 of the Berlin &#87&#97&#108&#108 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#114&#100 symposium of the European College for the Study of &#67&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#13&#10&#40&#69&#67&#83&#67&#41 &#105&#110 &#70&#114&#101&#105&#98&#117&#114&#103&#44 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#46 Our &#101&#110&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#101&#114 &#119&#97&#115&#13&#10&#109&#121 &#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#99&#116 &#119&#105&#116&#104 a researcher from the former East Germany. Jochen Gartz's &#101&#110&#116&#104&#117&#115&#105&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99 &#108&#101&#99&#116&#117&#114&#101&#13&#10&#119&#97&#115 &#97 &#116&#114&#117&#108&#121 consciousnessexpanding event, his words breaking &#100&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#98&#111&#114&#100&#101&#114&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#99&#114&#111&#115&#115&#105&#110&#103 over into new &#116&#101&#114&#114&#105&#116&#111&#114&#121&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#115&#112&#111&#107&#101 &#116&#104&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104 &#104&#105&#109 - with no trace &#111&#102&#13&#10&#100&#111&#103&#109&#97 &#111&#114 &#105&#100&#101&#111&#108&#111&#103&#121 &#45 in the &#116&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#116&#114&#117&#101 &#97&#110&#97&#114&#99&#104&#121 that is the hallmark of mushroom magic. What I &#104&#101&#97&#114&#100 &#119&#97&#115 &#117&#110&#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#97&#98&#108&#101&#46&#13&#10&#74&#111&#99&#104&#101&#110 &#115&#112&#111&#107&#101 of a "new" psychedelic mushroom and its migration. The mycelia had spread &#105&#110&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#99&#101&#110&#116&#114&#105&#99 &#99&#105&#114&#99&#108&#101&#115 &#111&#117&#116&#119&#97&#114&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 Leipzig, jumping all political borders.<br> &#70&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97&#13&#10&#114&#101&#97&#99&#104&#101&#100 West German soil, the hated Berlin <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/whatisthedifferencebetweensubaeruginosaandazurescens.htm" title="Whatisthedifferencebetweensubaeruginosaandazurescens" alt="Whatisthedifferencebetweensubaeruginosaandazurescens" >Whatisthedifferencebetweensubaeruginosaandazurescens</a> Wall crumbled. Could there possibly be a connection between &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#118&#111&#108&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 magic &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#101&#118&#111&#108&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 our &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#63 &#67&#111&#117&#108&#100 <i> Ask</i> &#97&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#104&#97&#118&#101 contributed to the resolution of our political &#99&#111&#110&#102&#108&#105&#99&#116&#115&#63&#13&#10&#73&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#44 &#112&#111&#108&#105&#116&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110&#115&#44 &#101&#118&#101&#110 popes, &#104&#97&#100&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#111&#119&#110 &#106&#101&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115 &#97&#110&#100 magicians, who functioned &#97&#115&#13&#10&#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#117&#114&#101 &#114&#101&#108&#101&#97&#115&#101 &#118&#97&#108&#118&#101&#115 &#105&#110 the machinations of political power &#115&#116&#114&#117&#103&#103&#108&#101&#115&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#111&#98&#118&#105&#111&#117&#115 that a country whose chancellor is being pelted with eggs, urgently needs a &#110&#101&#119 &#98&#114&#101&#101&#100 &#111&#102 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110 &#119&#104&#111&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 able to readjust reality. &#66&#117&#116 &#116&#111&#100&#97&#121&#44 &#110&#111 &#97&#115&#112&#105&#114&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99&#105&#97&#110 should &#103&#111 &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#116&#97&#115&#107 without this book as a guide for the wondrous journey into the realm of magic mushrooms. Christian Rdtsch Figure 5 - "Anthropomorphic Beings Engaged in Mushroom Dance" 10,000-year-old rock drawing in Tassili, Sahara (Algeria) CHAPTER &#49&#13&#10&#73 &#66&#69&#76&#73&#69&#86&#69 &#84&#72&#69 &#84&#73&#77&#69 &#72&#65&#83 COME FOR A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF NEW FINDINGS FROM &#84&#72&#69 &#70&#73&#69&#76&#68&#83 &#79&#70 &#77&#89&#67&#79&#76&#79&#71&#89&#44 TAXONOMY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY When R.G. Wasson, R. Heim and A. Hofmann began &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#100&#105&#115&#99&#105&#112&#108&#105&#110&#97&#114&#121 &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104&#13&#10&#112&#114&#111&#103&#114&#97&#109 &#116&#111 study the Mexican &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 usage in Mexican mushroom cults, their efforts culminated in a 1958 landmark report &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#115&#111&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#44&#13&#10&#109&#111&#108&#101&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114 &#115&#116&#114&#117&#99&#116&#117&#114&#101 and synthesis of the mushrooms' active ingredients: &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#105&#110&#46 &#83&#101&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108 &#121&#101&#97&#114&#115 later, these substances were also identified in a species of &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#44 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#44 which &#98&#101&#99&#97&#109&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#102&#105&#114&#115&#116 &#105&#110 &#97 series of newly discovered &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#83&#105&#110&#99&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#110&#44 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 growing P.subaeruginosa from spore print from other genera have been reported with increasing &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#99&#121&#46&#13&#10&#65&#115 &#112&#97&#114&#116 &#111&#102 &#109&#121 &#97&#110&#97&#108&#121&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 work &#100&#101&#100&#105&#99&#97&#116&#101&#100&#13&#10&#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#105&#100&#101&#110&#116&#105&#102&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 naturally occurring chemicals, I had the good fortune to be part of &#97&#13&#10&#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 &#116&#101&#97&#109 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#100 alkaloids found in &#97&#13&#10&#118&#97&#114&#105&#101&#116&#121 &#111&#102 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 Now I believe the time has come &#102&#111&#114 &#97 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#114&#101&#104&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101 &#114&#101&#118&#105&#101&#119 of new &#102&#105&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#105&#101&#108&#100&#115 of mycology, taxonomy and natural &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#116&#115 &#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#115&#116&#114&#121&#46&#13&#10&#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#104&#105&#115 successors have &#97&#108&#114&#101&#97&#100&#121 &#112&#114&#111&#118&#105&#100&#101&#100&#13&#10&#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#101&#100 &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 &#112&#101&#114&#116&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 to the history and study &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#77&#101 </div> <br /><br /> <img border="0" src="/images/Drug-Shrooms-Psilocybe-Cyanescens.jpg" alt=" Growing P Azurescens Indoors"> Most recreational users of Psilocybe cubensis (when grown in vitro) require a dosage of 1 to 2 gm of dried mushrooms to produce an altered state of consciousness; a clinical dosage for Psilocybe cubensis, on the other hand, had previously been reported as ranging from 3 to 5 gm of dried material. This dosage would be comparable to the amount of fungal material consumed for religious purposes in a Mazatec Indian healing and curing ceremony. In 1982, one research team "found that the level of psilocybin and psilocin varies over a factor of 4 among various in vitro cultures of Psilocybe cubensis, while specimens from outdoors varied tenfold." A fresh dosage of Psilocybe cubensis in Australia would be approximately from 1 to 2 large mushrooms weighing up to as much as one fresh ounce, or as many as from 25 to 50 small mushrooms equaling the same weight amount. Ethnopharmacologist Jonathan Ott (1976, 1993) noted that he has observed "the ingestion of from 0.5 gm to 5.9 gm dried weight (10 gm to 40 gm fresh)", of various species of Psilocybe. Dosage for Psilocybe subcubensis would be the same as for Psilocybe cubensis. Both of these latter two species are macroscopically alike. The usual dosage for Copelandia cyanescens required to induce psychedelic visual effects ranges from 1 to 3 large specimens (cap diameter c. 5 mm), or as many as 5 to l0 medium-sized mushrooms (cap diameter c. 2.5 mm); however, personal tolerance to this species may occur with continued use, and some who consume large amounts of this mushroom have reportedly ingested as many as 50 to 200 fresh specimens of various sizes. as well. Below are some excerpts from his research protocols: J.H. (a 24-year-old male) ingested four cooked mushrooms at night, after a meal (!), and then ate another three fresh mushrooms 30 minutes later. This was followed by regurgitation, and 45 minutes later, he started to sweat profusely all over his head and body. His pulse rate and breathing were accelerated, but slowed down later on. He laid down and experienced visual hallucinations, which caused him to panic and to run a distance of about 1,200 ft. to consult the nearest doctor. The physician noted widely dilated pupils, and proceeded to have the patient's stomach pumped and then prescribed laxatives. Three hours later, the abnormal state had largely subsided; by the next morning, there was no evidence of any other side effects. M.K. (a 22-year-old male) ate just one fresh mushroom, which had no effects at all. K .Y. (a 31-year-old male) ate five mushrooms. Regurgitation occurred 30 minutes after ingestion, followed by sweating around the head and body; his extremities appeared to be slightly paralyzed. This paralysis persisted for another three hours. During this time, the subject had great difficulties handling a pen for writing, his mood was depressed and he experienced hallucinations, such as colorful lights flooding down from the sky. By the following morning, all of these effects had dissipated. The fresh fruiting bodies were bitter, a taste that disappeared after the mushrooms had been cooked in water. The above experiments are rather amateurish, and the descriptions of results are heavily influenced by a simplistic perspective which assumes that the mushrooms's pharmacological effects proceed along a single, narrow track. Still, these accounts demonstrate that comparable dosages of Japanese mushroom species have psychotropic effects similar to those caused by Psilocybe species found on other continents. Much work still remains to be done in the areas of phytochemistry and taxonomy before the body of knowledge about psychotropic mushroom species in Japan can grow to become adequate. The geographic distribution and ingredients of the Japanese Panaeolus species must also be studied further. For instance, Panaeolus subbalteatus is one of the species that are growing on several Japanese islands today. CHAPTER 7.6 INTOXICATIONS AND THE OLDEST KNOWN MUSHROOM CULT IN AFRICA So far, the mycoflora of the African continent has been studied only peripherally and remains largely unknown. During the late 1980s, Italian mycologist G. Samorini and Terence McKenna, working independently, found evidence for the oldest known mushroom cult in Africa. Their discoveries were not just sensational, but most surprising as well. On the other hand, it really shouldn't come as a surprise that the oldest traces of human contact with mushrooms were found on the very continent known as the cradle of humanity. 10,000 Years Old From 9,000 to <br /> </p> <h2> new mexico cow dung mushrooms</h2> <p> &#46 &#70&#111&#114&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#114&#101&#97&#115&#111&#110&#44 freeze-dried &#115&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#115 &#102&#111&#114 &#98&#105&#111&#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108&#13&#10&#97&#110&#97&#108&#121&#115&#105&#115 &#97&#114&#101 stored at -10°C prior &#116&#111 &#97&#108&#107&#97&#108&#111&#105&#100&#13&#10&#101&#120&#116&#114&#97&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#111&#114 &#99&#104&#114&#111&#109&#97&#116&#111&#103&#114&#97&#112&#104&#121 testing.<br> In addition to the growing P.subaeruginosa from spore print reports from Finland, &#105&#110&#118&#101&#115&#116&#105&#103&#97&#116&#111&#114&#115 &#105&#110 &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104&#13&#10&#65&#109&#101&#114&#105&#99&#97 &#104&#97&#118&#101 noted that psilocybin's decay <b> Gymnopilus Sp. Identification</b> rate is slowest &#105&#110 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#44 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#101&#100 to other species.<br> (1) R = H2P03 (2) R = H Figure 19 - Structural formulas for psilocybin (1) and psilocin (2). CH3 CH3 Psilocybe semilanceata Figure 20 &#45 &#68&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110 &#111&#102 Psilocybe semilanceata in Germany and adjacent areas. Locations are indicated by black dots.<br> CHAPTER 3.2 PSILOCYBE &#67&#89&#65&#78&#69&#83&#67&#69&#78&#83 &#45 &#80&#79&#84&#69&#78&#84 &#77&#85&#83&#72&#82&#79&#79&#77&#83&#13&#10&#71&#82&#79&#87&#73&#78&#71 ON WOOD DEBRIS At least one other Psilocybe species in addition to Psilocybe semilanceata is &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#101&#120&#105&#115&#116 &#105&#110 &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#46 At this point, I must emphasize that the differentiation of single species within the Psilocybe &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#105&#115 &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116 &#116&#111 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#114&#111&#118&#101&#114&#115&#121 among <b> new mexico cow dung mushrooms</b> eminent taxonomists.<br> For example, there are different methods of distinguishing the &#72&#121&#112&#104&#111&#108&#111&#109&#97 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#83&#116&#114&#111&#112&#104&#97&#114&#105&#97 genus. The Widespread Distribution of Psilocybe cyanescens While Psilocybe &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#105&#115 &#97 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 has &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#99&#108&#101&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#100&#101&#102&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#97&#110&#100 is &#119&#101&#108&#108&#13&#10&#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#110&#97&#109&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 are, according to Krieglsteiner, other strongly bluing &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#99&#97&#110 &#98&#101 &#100&#101&#115&#99&#114&#105&#98&#101&#100 as belonging to the "Psilocybe cyanescens complex". These are &#97&#108&#108&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#103&#114&#111&#119 &#111&#110 &#114&#97&#119 compost and plant debris.<br> In accordance with current &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#13&#10&#107&#110&#111&#119&#108&#101&#100&#103&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 names in &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#109&#101&#114&#101&#108&#121 &#115&#121&#110&#111&#110&#121&#109&#115 for &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115&#13&#10&#87&#97&#107&#101&#102&#105&#101&#108&#100 &#101&#109&#101&#110&#100&#46 &#75&#114&#105&#101&#103&#108&#115&#116&#101&#105&#110&#101&#114&#58&#13&#10&#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116 herbariums. However, the microscopic data pertaining &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 poorly delineated and oftentimes overlap. It is therefore imperative that additional mycological studies &#111&#102&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#98&#101 &#112&#101&#114&#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#100&#46 To this end, fresh <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/psylocibin-romania.htm" title="Psylocibin Romania" alt="Psylocibin Romania" >Psylocibin Romania</a> &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 European locations should be used, and &#98&#105&#111&#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#109&#101&#116&#104&#111&#100&#115&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#116 &#98&#101 &#105&#110&#99&#108&#117&#100&#101&#100 in the &#105&#110&#118&#101&#115&#116&#105&#103&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#71&#117&#122&#109&#97&#110&#39&#115&#13&#10&#100&#105&#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 cyanescens &#98&#121 &#103&#101&#111&#103&#114&#97&#112&#104&#105&#99&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101&#97&#44 &#104&#111&#119&#101&#118&#101&#114&#44 &#100&#101&#102&#105&#110&#105&#116&#101&#108&#121 turned out to be inaccurate. &#65&#99&#99&#111&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#111 &#104&#105&#115 &#115&#121&#115&#116&#101&#109&#44 -North Africa was home to Psilocybe mairei, while &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 England and Holland and Psilocybe serbica supposedly grew in &#83&#101&#114&#98&#105&#97 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#66&#111&#104&#101&#109&#105&#97&#46 &#84&#104&#101 &#103&#101&#111&#103&#114&#97&#112&#104&#105&#99 distribution of the entire species seems &#116&#111 &#99&#111&#118&#101&#114 &#97 &#118&#97&#115&#116 area, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#118&#97&#114&#105&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#99&#108&#105&#109&#97&#116&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#101&#114&#114&#97&#105&#110 at locations where samples were collected.<br> Such disparate morphologies are to be expected when dealing &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#34&#121&#111&#117&#110&#103&#34 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115&#44 species that have not yet firmly established themselves &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#114&#101 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108 &#101&#120&#112&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 into new locations.<br> Figure &#55 &#40&#112&#46 &#49&#52&#41 &#100&#105&#115&#112&#108&#97&#121&#115 locations in Europe and &#78&#111&#114&#116&#104 &#65&#102&#114&#105&#99&#97 &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#115&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#115 of Psilocybe cyanescens &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100&#46&#13&#10&#45 &#72&#121&#112&#104&#111&#108&#111&#109&#97 cyanescens R. Maire - Hypholoma coprinifacies (Rolland ss. Herink) Pouzar - Geophila cyanescens (R. Maire) Kuhner & Romagnesi - Psilocybe serbica Moser & Horak - Psilocybe mairei Singer - Psilocyb Dosages for Psilocybe australiana Guzmán & Watling, Psilocybe eucalypta Guzmán & It has been suggested by an Australian physician that the general public in Australia, as well as members of its drug using subculture, first became aware of the visionary properties of these psychoactive mushrooms by a visiting surfer(s), who came from either New Zealand or the United States (Hawaii) and most likely provided ethnomycological information to local surfers (McCarthy, 1971). This physician reported that the use of psychoactive mushrooms, as well as 21 other drugs "was well demonstrated during a survey on drug abuse that was conducted in Southern Queensland during l969." This survey relied on interviews of 51 people belonging to "the `surfer' subculture local beach resorts". In this report, the doctor believed that "although the survey involved surfers and their female friends, there is no suggestion that the use of these drugs is confined to this group, which constitutes but a proportion of our (Australian) young drug taking community." It is thus likely that word-of-mouth communication made a significant contribution to the increasing use of "magic mushrooms" in Australia and NZ. <p align="right"> ed and large &#110&#117&#109&#98&#101&#114&#115 &#111&#102 &#115&#116&#117&#100&#105&#101&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 conducted, primarily with LSD. These investigators sought to discover the receptor binding &#115&#105&#116&#101&#115 &#102&#111&#114&#13&#10&#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#111&#117&#110&#100&#115 &#105&#110 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/howtofindmagicmushroomsinkansas.htm" title="Howtofindmagicmushroomsinkansas" alt="Howtofindmagicmushroomsinkansas" >Howtofindmagicmushroomsinkansas</a> the brain &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#115&#116&#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#101&#99&#104&#97&#110&#105&#115&#109&#115 &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#108&#121&#105&#110&#103 the genesis of psychedelic visions. &#84&#111&#100&#97&#121&#44 &#119&#101 &#115&#116&#105&#108&#108&#13&#10&#108&#97&#99&#107 &#97 sound theoretical framework able to explain the &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115&#104&#105&#112 &#98&#101&#116&#119&#101&#101&#110 &#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108&#13&#10&#99&#111&#109&#112&#111&#117&#110&#100&#115 &#97&#110&#100 the manifestation of their psychoactivity.<br> Even though basic research &#105&#115&#13&#10&#99&#101&#114&#116&#97&#105&#110&#108&#121 &#105&#109&#112&#111&#114&#116&#97&#110&#116&#44 &#105&#116&#115 &#109&#101&#116&#104&#111&#100&#115&#44 <i> Gymnopilus sp. identification</i> unfortunately, &#97&#114&#101&#13&#10&#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#97 &#102&#117&#110&#99&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#97 &#114&#97&#116&#104&#101&#114 one-sided pharmacological approach to investigating the effects of &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 &#76&#83&#68 &#97&#110&#100 &#109&#101&#115&#99&#97&#108&#105&#110&#101 - an approach &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#105&#115&#44 &#105&#110 &#102&#97&#99&#116&#44 &#116&#111&#111 &#110&#97&#114&#114&#111&#119 to &#97&#100&#100&#114&#101&#115&#115 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#114&#107&#97&#98&#108&#121 &#117&#110&#117&#115&#117&#97&#108 &#110&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101 of &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115&#46&#13&#10&#77&#105&#115&#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#115&#116&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103&#115 &#98&#101&#116&#119&#101&#101&#110 &#112&#104&#97&#114&#109&#97&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 toxicologists on the one &#104&#97&#110&#100 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#105&#97&#116&#114&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 on the other can often &#98&#101 &#116&#114&#97&#99&#101&#100 &#97&#108&#108 &#116&#104&#101 way back to the 1950's, creating a legacy &#111&#102 &#100&#105&#115&#112&#117&#116&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#114&#103&#117&#109&#101&#110&#116&#115 that have yet to be resolved. S. Grof undertook the tedious task of analyzing 5,000 experimental &#76&#83&#68&#13&#10&#112&#114&#111&#116&#111&#99&#111&#108&#115 &#105&#110 &#97&#110 &#101&#102&#102&#111&#114&#116 to isolate "absolute" symptoms that are reported or occur all of the time.<br> His results were negative. According to Grof, hallucinogenic substances are non-specific triggers causing a &#115&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#111&#102 &#97&#108&#116&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101&#115 of consciousness, &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#100&#111 &#110&#111&#116 &#102&#105&#116 the syndrome labeled &#34&#116&#111&#120&#105&#99 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#115&#105&#115&#34&#46 &#82&#97&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#105&#116 is &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#105&#110&#100&#105&#118&#105&#100&#117&#97&#108&#39&#115 &#112&#101&#114&#115&#111&#110&#97&#108&#105&#116&#121&#44 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116&#97&#108 setting that significantly shape the nature of the psychedelic experience. &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#118&#105&#101&#119 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#115&#104&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#98&#121 a majority of experts with considerable experience in conducting psychedelics-assisted psychotherapy.<br> Even "real" somatic symptoms, such as nausea or vomiting, &#99&#97&#110 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#98&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#114&#111&#108&#108&#101&#100&#13&#10&#116&#104&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104 psychological intervention techniques administered by &#116&#114&#97&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#112&#114&#111&#102&#101&#115&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#115&#46&#13&#10&#65 &#80&#108&#101&#116&#104&#111&#114&#97 &#111&#102 &#78&#97&#109&#101&#115&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 broad &#114&#97&#110&#103&#101 &#111&#102 &#112&#111&#115&#115&#105&#98&#108&#101 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#115&#13&#10&#105&#110&#115&#112&#105&#114&#101&#100 the use &#111&#102 &#108&#97&#98&#101&#108&#115 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#97&#110&#13&#10&#34&#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#115&#34&#44 with widely differing semantic connotations: entheogens, psychedelics, illusionogens, psycholytics, psychomimetics, psychodysleptica, psychoemetics &#97&#110&#100 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#115&#46&#13&#10&#34&#80&#104&#97&#110&#116&#97&#115&#116&#105&#99&#97&#34 &#40&#76&#101&#119&#105&#110&#41 &#105&#115 the oldest label ever used to describe this class &#111&#102 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115&#13&#10&#116&#101&#114&#109 &#115&#117&#99&#99&#101&#115&#115&#102&#117&#108&#108&#121 evokes dream-like, fanciful aspects of the experience, as well as the potential for &#101&#117&#112&#104&#111&#114&#105&#99 &#97&#110&#100 &#100&#121&#115&#112&#104&#111&#114&#105&#99 &#101&#109&#111&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 overtones.<br> More recent terminology often says more &#97&#98&#111&#117&#116&#13&#10&#115&#101&#109&#97&#110&#116&#105&#99 &#98&#105&#97&#115&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 &#119&#104&#111 use the labels than about any factual, objective characteristics of the alkaloids they refer to. Accordingly, official antidrug propaganda &#115&#105&#110&#99&#101&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#49&#57&#54&#48&#39&#115 &#104&#97&#115 &#100&#105&#115&#112&#97&#114&#97&#103&#101&#100 &#34&#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#101&#100&#101&#108&#105&#99&#115&#34 &#97&#115&#13&#10&#101&#120&#99&#101&#115&#115&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 glamorous and too &#112&#111&#115&#105&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#97 &#108&#97&#98&#101&#108&#44 &#97&#115&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 term was popular &#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#84&#105&#109&#111&#116&#104&#121 &#76&#101&#97&#114&#121&#39&#115 &#102&#97&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 supporters. When used in low &#100&#111&#115&#101&#115 &#111&#114 &#102&#111&#114 &#116&#104&#101 first time, &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#109&#111&#115&#116 likely to &#98&#114&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#97&#98&#111&#117&#116 &#97 &#107&#105&#110&#100 &#111&#102 magical transformation of surroundings, with &#97 &#104&#101&#105&#103&#104&#116&#101&#110&#101&#100 &#97&#98&#105&#108&#105&#116&#121 &#116&#111 &#112&#101&#114&#99&#101&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#115&#117&#98&#116&#108&#101 differences along the color spectru </p> and familiarity with psychotropic mushrooms in Europe that is most likely derived from usage of Psilocybes and related species, rather than experience with Amanita muscaria. However, it is extremely difficult to reject or confirm this hypothesis, due to the lack of conclusive data available for analysis today. Bwyd Ellylon: A Feast of Fairies in Celebration of the Spirit World Tales of ritualistic mushroom usage have found their way into the realm of myths and legends. For instance, one legend describes a peculiar poisonous mushroom in Wales (British Isles) with the strange name of Bwyd Ellylon, which was considered a delicacy by fairies feasting in celebration of the spirit world. Psilocybe semilanceata is the most important psilocybincontaining mushroom in Europe and it thrives in parts of Great Britain, where the mushroom grows abundantly all across the Welsh countryside during fall season. I would like to thank G. Samorini for pointing out that the Inquisition was unusually cruel and vicious in the Alpine valleys of Valcamonica, Valtrompia and Valtellina (located in the provinces of Brescia and Sandrio in Northern Italy). Many books chronicle countless witch burnings in that region, with particular emphasis on the witches' meetings at the "Monte del Tonale", located at an altitude of 2000 m (ca. 6,000 ft). Field research has shown that plants of the nightshade family ("witching herbs") do not grow at this altitude; even the fly agaric mushroom is rarely found there. By contrast, pastures in the area abound with Psilocybe semilanceata during the fall. Given this historical context, it would seem likely that Psilocybe semilanceata played an important role as a psychotropic agent in the region (see Figure 58, Chapter 7.4). In light of medieval accounts describing the practice of witchcraft, it is interesting to note that a subjective sensation of flying or levitation is among the commonly reported effects of psilocybin intoxication. Berserk Rage of Nordic Warriors In the course of the ideological power struggle between Christianity and the remnants of pagan religions that worshipped Nature, many sources of knowledge were lost. The aggressive repression and eradication of pre-Christian customs all but destroyed the continuity of Europe's original cultural heritage, along with much historic evidence documenting early cultural practices, including the usage of plants and mushrooms for the purpose of temporary alterations of consciousness. Some authors went so far as to blame the fly agaric mushroom for proverbial fits of "berserk rage" attributed to Nordic warriors. Many accounts detailing this phenomenon allude to a "deception of the eyes" (i.e. visual hallucinations). After the Nordic legal system banished the practice of "going berserk", it disappeared quite suddenly during the 12th century. At about the same time, Saxo Grammaticus speculated that the Berserkers may have used mag ecialize in the study of Psilocybes, despite the fact that Psilocybe semilanceata is the most common and conspicuous species among the Psilocybes. Also, mushroom lovers whose interests are not purely scientific (see Chapter 7.4) do not usually preserve their knowledge for posterity in the form of distribution maps. However, there is one map from 1986, which shows the distribution pattern of Psilocybe semilanceata across Germany (see Figure 20, p. 28). Almost no published information is available about locations where Psilocybe species have been found in eastern Germany. During my own field trips, I have discovered Psilocybe semilanceata specimens in various locations, such as near my hometown of Mansfeld in the Vorharz Mountains, in the marshlands of Duben as well as in other eastern German marshland areas. In addition, friends who are also mycologists have told me about finding the mushrooms in other parts of the country. A book published in 1952 is among the rare sources that includes details about specimens discovered in the southeastern state of Saxony (see Figure 16, p. 23). The Psilocybe species grow most abundantly on wet pastures surrounded by forest areas. In my experience, Psilocybe semilanceata grows in most of Germany's forestlands. The species fruits during the fall, from late September through October. It favors acidic soil and grassy terrain alongside trails or around the edges of forest lands. Specimens are generally clustered in small groups of 30 mushrooms or less. Deer droppings or other animal feces are usually present at those locations, even though the mushrooms never grow directly on top of dung. Occasionally, extremely stunted specimens may be found in the mountains by the side of the road. The soil below older cow pastures provides an excellent medium for extensive mycelial growth. In some locations, large areas yield an abundance of fruiting bodies, mirroring the extent of mycelial saturation in the soil. Given adequate moisture, maximum yields can be expected, if the pasture was grazed at least once during the weeks before fruiting season. However, the mushrooms also thrive under similar conditions on horse and sheep pastures. Such grassy areas inside forests are usually grazing areas for deer, who provide the soil with additional fertilization. However, Psilocybe semilanceata does not grow in locations where artificial fertilizer has been used. Such pastures are often flanked by creeks or swamp lands, which saturate the soil with water. During the summertime, the warm climate in these wet areas provides an excellent environment for optimal mycelial growth. In Germany, the mushroom's habitat ranges from the coastal areas to mountainous regions, where the species has been found at altitudes of up to 1,720 m (5,160 ft) above sea level (MTB-8443, 1985). In the former Czechoslovakia, samples have been collected at altitudes ranging from 330 to 1,000 m (1,000 - <br /> </p> <h2> Gymnopilus sp. identification</h2> <p>, and who gorge themselves on our tax dollars. I met Jochen Gartz shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall at the third symposium of the European College for the Study of Consciousness (ECSC) in Freiburg, Germany. Our encounter was my first contact with a researcher from the former East Germany. Jochen Gartz's enthusiastic lecture was a truly consciousnessexpanding event, his words breaking down traditional borders and crossing over into new territory. The magic mushrooms spoke through him - with no trace of dogma or ideology - in the tradition of true anarchy that is the hallmark of mushroom magic. What I heard was unbelievable. Jochen spoke of a "new" psychedelic mushroom and its migration. The mycelia had spread in concentric circles outward from Leipzig, jumping all political borders. Finally, when the mycelia reached West German soil, the hated Berlin Wall crumbled. Could there possibly be a connection between the evolution of the magic mushroom and the evolution of our consciousness? Could a mushroom have contributed to the resolution of our political conflicts? In the past, politicians, even popes, had their own jesters and magicians, who functioned as pressure release valves in the machinations of political power struggles. It is obvious that a country whose chancellor is being pelted with eggs, urgently needs a new breed of magician who are able to readjust reality. But today, no aspiring magician should go about this task without this book as a guide for the wondrous journey into the realm of magic mushrooms. Christian Rdtsch Figure 5 - "Anthropomorphic Beings Engaged in Mushroom Dance" 10,000-year-old rock drawing in Tassili, Sahara (Algeria) CHAPTER 1 I BELIEVE THE TIME HAS COME FOR A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF NEW FINDINGS FROM THE FIELDS OF MYCOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY When R.G. Wasson, R. Heim and A. Hofmann began their interdisciplinary research program to study the Mexican species of mushrooms and their usage in Mexican mushroom cults, their efforts culminated in a 1958 landmark report that described the isolation, molecular structure and synthesis of the mushrooms' active ingredients: psilocybin and psilocin. Several years later, these substances were also identified in a species of mushroom in Europe, Psilocybe semilanceata, which became the first in a series of newly discovered species. Since then, psychoactive mushrooms from other genera have been reported with increasing frequency. As part of my analytical work dedicated to the identification of naturally occurring chemicals, I had the good fortune to be part of a research team that studied alkaloids found in a variety of mushroom species. Now I believe the time has come for a comprehensive review of new findings from the fields of mycology, taxonomy and natural products chemistry. Wasson and his successors have already provided detailed accounts pertaining to the history and study of the Me <p align="right"> The first livestock to <b> Ask</b> arrive in Australia were <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/identifyingPSubaeruginosa.htm" title="Identifyingpsubaeruginosa" alt="Identifyingpsubaeruginosa" >Identifyingpsubaeruginosa</a> brought from Gymnopilus Sp the Cape &#111&#102 &#71&#111&#111&#100 &#72&#111&#112&#101 &#105&#110 </p> <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/Shrooms-in-Romania.htm" title="In Archives In Archives Romania" alt="In Archives In Archives Romania" >In Archives In Archives Romania</a> <div align="left"> &#77&#111&#115&#116 &#114&#101&#99&#114&#101&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 &#117&#115&#101&#114&#115 &#111&#102 Psilocybe cubensis (when grown &#105&#110 &#118&#105&#116&#114&#111&#41 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/WOODCHIPmagicmushroom.htm" title="Woodchipmagicmushroom" alt="Woodchipmagicmushroom" >Woodchipmagicmushroom</a> &#114&#101&#113&#117&#105&#114&#101 &#97 dosage of </div> Existing evidence indicates that man in the Old World —Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia—has made less use of native plants and shrubs for their hallucinogenic properties than has man in the New World. There is little reason to believe that the vegetation of one half of the globe is poorer or richer in species with hallucinogenic properties than the other half. Why, then, should there be such disparity? Has man in the Old World simply not discovered many of the native hallucinogenic plants? Are some of them too toxic in other ways to be utilized? Or has man in the Old World been culturally less interested in narcotics? We have no real answer. But we do know that the Old World has fewer known species employed hallucinogenically than does the New World: compared with only 15 or 20 species used in the Eastern Hemisphere, the species used hallucinogenically in the Western Hemisphere number more than 100! Yet some of the Old World hallucinogens today hold places of primacy throughout the world. Cannabis, undoubtedly the most widespread of all the hallucinogens, is perhaps the best example. The several solanaceous ingredients of medieval witches' brews—henbane, nightshade, belladonna, and mandrake—greatly influenced European philosophy, medicine, and even history for many years. Some played an extraordinarily vital religious role in the early Aryan cultures of northern India. The role of hallucinogens in the cultural and social development of many areas of the Old World is only now being investigated. At every turn, its exte was followed by a very vivid sensation of the soul in flight, coupled with feelings of euphoria.When looking out the window into the dark night of a forest landscape, visions of strange patterns and formations occurred, which were deeply impressive and seemed to impart an inkling of eternity. At the end of four hours, the effects had dissipated without dysphoria or any type of somatic side effect. A control experiment for comparison purposes was performed using 0.8 g of dried Psilocybe semilanceata. The onset of symptoms was much more sudden, including a heavy flow of tears, so that there was an initial phase of anxiety. Only in a later phase of the experience was it possible to perceive ornaments in the form of "underwater streamers", and to appreciate the aesthetically enhanced nature of these visions. The regular pattern of. involuntary intoxications is a good indicator for the large scope of expansion of Inocybe aeruginascens into new habitats during the 1980s. For example, at the time of the initial intoxications - when the species was still restricted to a few easily quantifiable collections - the mushrooms had spread from Potsdam to the location known in 1982, and from there moved on to several other locations in the vicinity, where more than 150 mushrooms were found (see Figure 34). Symbiosis With Trees Starting in late May 1984, fruiting bodies of the species could be found in abundance at countless new locations across the Brandenburg region of Germany. They tend to grow near the roots of different deciduous trees (Populus, Tilia, Quercus, Betula), on lawns in parks and gardens, at the edges of trails and in the paved margin areas of tree-lined sidewalks (where they may even grow on bare, sandy soil) as well as amongst the greenery of residential areas in the suburbs and communities in and around Berlin. Herein lies the most marked difference between Inocybe aeruginascens and other European psychotropic mushroom species: Inocybe aeruginascens grows only in areas of human development. Their prime locations are in the middle of villages and towns, where they grow locally much like other Inocybe species. They may temporarily produce mass quantities of fruiting bodies, in those locations that are typical habitats for the edible varieties of the fairy ring mushroom. So far, the most abundant crop of fruiting bodies was observed in 1987, due to very wet weather conditions, which allowed the mushrooms to thrive. The following years were comparatively dry and the species hardly fruited at all. It wasn't until 1990 that a few mushrooms re-emerged at the classic location in Potsdam. Despite 1989 having been a bad year for mushrooms, it was the year when Inocybe aeruginascens was found for the first time at four locations in and around Rostock, a city located on the Eastern German coast, which is famous for its wet climate. Finding the mushrooms at these locations is evidence for a mu <div align="right"> Most recreational users of Psilocybe cubensis (when grown in vitro) &#114&#101&#113&#117&#105&#114&#101 &#97 &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101 &#111&#102 &#49 to 2 gm of dried &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101 &#97&#110 altered state of consciousness; a clinical dosage &#102&#111&#114 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115&#44 &#111&#110 the other hand, had previously been reported as ranging from 3 to 5 gm of dried material. This &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#111 the &#97&#109&#111&#117&#110&#116 &#111&#102 &#102&#117&#110&#103&#97&#108 &#109&#97&#116&#101&#114&#105&#97&#108 consumed for religious purposes in a Mazatec Indian healing <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/TexasPsilocybeCubensis.htm" title="Texaspsilocybecubensis" alt="Texaspsilocybecubensis" >Texaspsilocybecubensis</a> and curing ceremony. In 1982, one research team "found that the level of psilocybin and psilocin &#118&#97&#114&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#118&#101&#114 &#97 &#102&#97&#99&#116&#111&#114 of 4 among various in vitro cultures of Psilocybe &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115&#44 &#119&#104&#105&#108&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 outdoors varied tenfold." A fresh dosage of Psilocybe cubensis &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101 approximately &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#49 &#116&#111 &#50 large mushrooms weighing up to as much as one fresh &#111&#117&#110&#99&#101&#44 &#111&#114 &#97&#115 &#109&#97&#110&#121 as from 25 to 50 &#115&#109&#97&#108&#108 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#101&#113&#117&#97&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 same weight amount. Ethnopharmacologist Jonathan Ott (1976, 1993) noted that he has observed "the &#105&#110&#103&#101&#115&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#48&#46&#53 &#103&#109 to 5.9 gm dried weight (10 gm &#116&#111 &#52&#48 &#103&#109 &#102&#114&#101&#115&#104&#41&#34&#44 of various species of &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#46 &#68&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101 &#102&#111&#114 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 subcubensis would be the same as for Psilocybe cubensis. Both of these latter two &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#109&#97&#99&#114&#111&#115&#99&#111&#112&#105&#99&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#97&#108&#105&#107&#101&#46 The usual dosage &#102&#111&#114 &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#114&#101&#113&#117&#105&#114&#101&#100 to induce &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#101&#100&#101&#108&#105&#99 &#118&#105&#115&#117&#97&#108 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#114&#97&#110&#103&#101&#115 from 1 &#116&#111 &#51 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 (cap diameter c. 5 mm), or as many as 5 to l0 medium-sized &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#40&#99&#97&#112 &#100&#105&#97&#109&#101&#116&#101&#114 &#99&#46 2.5 mm); however, personal tolerance &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#109&#97&#121 occur &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#105&#110&#117&#101&#100 &#117&#115&#101&#44 &#97&#110&#100 some 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