Variation of the Amount of Alkaloids in Fruit Bodies of Inocybe aeruginascens - easymushrooms.com

<body> <div id="container"> <div id="header"> <from name="from1" id="from1" method="post" action=""> <input type="text" name="textfield" value="......" /> <input class=" button" type="submit" name="Submit" value="GO" /> </from> <h1>Variation of the Amount of Alkaloids in Fruit Bodies of Inocybe aeruginascens</h1> <p>ALIVE ON ON ALIVE CARDBOARD ALIVE</p> </div> <div id="tabs10"> <ul> <li><a href="/" title="Link 1"><span>Home</span></a></li> <li><a href="/Gallery.html" title="Link 2"><span>Chat</span></a></li> <li><a href="/Chat.html" title="Link 3"><span>About</span></a></li> <li><a href="/Articles.html" title="Link 4"><span>Articles</span></a></li> <li><a href="/Forum.html" title="Link 5"><span>About</span></a></li> <li><a href="/Chat.html" title="Link 6"><span>Chat</span></a></li> <li><a href="/Forum.html" title="Link 7"><span>About</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="container2"> <div id="content"> <h2>How R Mushies Used</h2> <p><div align="right"> The majority of &#97&#100&#118&#101&#114&#115&#101 &#112&#104&#121&#115&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#111&#114 negative psychological reactions <b>Psilocybe Psilocybe</b> produced by "magic mushrooms" generally result from inappropriate set and expectation, &#111&#114 &#98&#101&#99&#97&#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#105&#109&#112&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114 &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101&#44 which may vary considerably &#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#117&#109&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 species, or even within &#97&#110 &#105&#110&#100&#105&#118&#105&#100&#117&#97&#108 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101 question of dosage &#105&#115 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#117&#115&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101 variation in <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/buypsilocybeazurescensspawn.shtml" title="Buypsilocybeazurescensspawn" alt="Buypsilocybeazurescensspawn" >Buypsilocybeazurescensspawn</a> the source of the &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 is consumed. For &#101&#120&#97&#109&#112&#108&#101&#44 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115&#44 &#119&#104&#101&#110 picked &#97&#110&#100 &#101&#97&#116&#101&#110 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#105&#116&#115 natural dung &#40&#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101&#41 &#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#44 &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#115 &#97 relatively mild mindaltering experience, which is evident from the large amounts of fresh specimens needed to achieve a threshold experience. However when grown in vitro (indoor laboratory cultivation and/or illicit cultivation), Psilocybe cubensis apparently can produce a more &#112&#111&#116&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#116&#114&#97&#105&#110 &#99&#97&#112&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#111&#102 inducing a very intense visual, sometimes quite disturbing, experience.<br> This &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101 &#97&#115&#115&#117&#109&#101&#115 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 consumption of 1 to 3 gm of dried material <H2>Mushies</H2> would be too &#108&#111&#119 &#105&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 specimen came from a wild source. &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#108&#111&#119 &#112&#111&#116&#101&#110&#99&#121 &#102&#111&#114 Psilocybe &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#104&#97&#115 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#105&#114&#109&#101&#100 by &#114&#101&#115&#101&#97&#114&#99&#104 &#115&#99&#105&#101&#110&#116&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#77&#97&#114&#103&#111&#116 &#38&#97&#109&#112&#59 Watling, (1981), who were surprised by the comparatively small amounts of psilocybin &#97&#110&#100 <b>potency mistaken be be semilanceata Psilocybe Psilocybe semilanceata</b> &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#105&#110 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#116&#104&#101&#121 extracted from wild &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 &#99&#111&#108&#108&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#102&#105&#118&#101 different &#108&#111&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 suggests &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#97 &#109&#117&#99&#104 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#114 dose would &#98&#101 &#114&#101&#113&#117&#105&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101 significant hallucinations. It is possible that the &#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108&#115 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#108&#105&#107&#101&#108&#121 &#100&#101&#103&#101&#110&#101&#114&#97&#116&#101&#100 between &#116&#104&#101 &#116&#105&#109&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101&#121 were harvested and the time of analysis. However, &#105&#116 &#115&#104&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101 &#110&#111&#116&#101&#100 that a strain of &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#105&#110&#103 &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116 flushes (harvests) will vary somewhat in potency between flushes.<br> </div> xican mushroom species, so that these materials need not be repeated in this context. However, certain aspects concerning the more recent uses of these mushrooms as well as their conditions of growth will receive more detailed attention in later chapters. The main purpose of this book is to inspire further study of these mushrooms, particularly basic research efforts and medical applications of magic mushroom ingredients. The extensive bibliography will help scientists and other interested mycophiles to further immerse themselves in this complex area of study. Jochen Gartz Figure 6 - Bronze doors with mushroom motif entitled "Trial and Judgment" at Hildesheim Cathedral, Germany (ca. 1020). CHAPTER 2 REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY AND SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF MAGIC MUSHROOMS It is remarkable that cultures native to the American continent knew about a relatively large number of natural mind-altering substances compared to early cultures that evolved in Europe or Asia. Botanical evidence does not support the notion that Europe is home to fewer hallucinogenic plants than other regions. Furthermore, the growing number of recently discovered European mushroom species containing psilocybin indicate a flourishing psychotropic mycoflora in Europe similar to those found in other countries. It is unlikely that early European cultures learned less about local plants and mushrooms through usage and experience than cultures elsewhere in the world. Most likely, early cultural knowledge of European psychoactive plants and mushrooms was lost or destroyed at some time in history, probably as early as several hundred years ago. The discovery that the fly agaric mushroom (Amanita muscaria) was known for its psychoactive properties in Siberia invited the conclusion that this mushroom was used as a psychotropic agent in medieval Europe as well. In fact, there is very little evidence from the Middle Ages to indicate widespread knowledge of the effects of specific mushrooms on human consciousness. However, I believe that past reports on psychoactive mushrooms were causally linked to Amanita muscaria simply because this was the only known psychotropic mushroom in Europe at that time. While the usage of Amanita muscaria among Siberian tribes has generated reports of spectacular hallucinations, European accounts of fly agaric intoxications do not generally include descriptions of such intensely hallucinatory effects. Accordingly, the potent hallucinogenic effects of specific Psilocybes and related species are likely to have had a much more significant influence on early European cultures than the delirium-like visions induced by Amanita muscaria, a species that is also known to induce unconsciousness and severe somatic side effects. This hypothesis is corroborated by data from comprehensive field studies conducted in Mexico. I believe that historic accounts including those described below - indicate a knowledge of <br /><br /> <a href="/psilocybeserbica.shtml"><img border="0" src="/images/Shroomsprint.jpg" alt=" Psilocybeserbica"></a> <div align="justify"> Dosages for Psilocybe <b>College Station Psilocybin Spore</b> <b>College Station Psilocybin Spore</b> australiana Guzmán <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/magic_mushrooms_australian.shtml" title="Magic Mushrooms Australian" alt="Magic Mushrooms Australian" >Magic Mushrooms Australian</a> & Watling, Psilocybe eucalypta Guzmán & </div> It has been suggested by an Australian physician that the general public in Australia, as well as members of its drug using subculture, first became aware of the visionary properties of these psychoactive mushrooms by a visiting surfer(s), who came from either New Zealand or the United States (Hawaii) and most likely provided ethnomycological information to local surfers (McCarthy, 1971). This physician reported that the use of psychoactive mushrooms, as well as 21 other drugs "was well demonstrated during a survey on drug abuse that was conducted in Southern Queensland during l969." This survey relied on interviews of 51 people belonging to "the `surfer' subculture local beach resorts". In this report, the doctor believed that "although the survey involved surfers and their female friends, there is no suggestion that the use of these drugs is confined to this group, which constitutes but a proportion of our (Australian) young drug taking community." It is thus likely that word-of-mouth communication made a significant contribution to the increasing use of "magic mushrooms" in Australia and NZ.<br /> </p> <h2>cyanescens serotonin cyanescens</h2> <p> <p align="justify"> own cause of death and disease, bloated &#115&#116&#111&#109&#97&#99&#104&#115 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#105&#110&#115&#97&#110&#105&#116&#121&#46 &#66&#101&#108&#105&#101&#102&#115 &#115&#117&#99&#104 &#97&#115 these have survived &#116&#111&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#101&#110&#116 &#100&#97&#121&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#121 persist, for example,,, as figures of speech, s &#117 &#99 &#104 &#97&#115 the slick Austrian description &#111&#102 &#97 &#115&#111&#99&#105&#101&#116&#97&#108 &#109&#105&#115&#102&#105&#116 as someone "who ate those &#109&#97&#100&#110&#101&#115&#115&#45&#105&#110&#100&#117&#99&#105&#110&#103 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#46&#34&#13&#10&#66&#117&#116&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#105&#115 another, very &#100&#105&#102&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#116&#44&#13&#10&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#108&#101&#103&#97&#99&#121 &#97&#115 well. Flesh of &#116&#104&#101 &#71&#111&#100&#115 &#102&#111&#114 &#68&#101&#118&#105&#108 Worshippers The Old &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#46 &#77&#121&#99&#101&#110&#97&#101&#97&#110 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/Potent_Psilocybe_pics/Psilocybe_semilanceata_liberty_cap_spores.shtml" title="Potent Psilocybe Pics Psilocybe Semilanceata Liberty Cap Spores" alt="Potent Psilocybe Pics Psilocybe Semilanceata Liberty Cap Spores" >Potent Psilocybe Pics Psilocybe Semilanceata Liberty Cap Spores</a> &#99&#105&#118&#105&#108&#105&#122&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101&#103&#97&#110 &#119&#105&#116&#104 a mushroom trip -Mushrooms were an &#105&#110&#103&#114&#101&#100&#105&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#97&#109&#98&#114&#111&#115&#105&#97 of Dionysus. Porphyrius, the fourth &#99&#101&#110&#116&#117&#114&#121 &#76&#97&#116&#105&#110 &#112&#111&#101&#116 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#99&#111&#110&#116&#101&#109&#112&#111&#114&#97&#114&#121 of &#69&#109&#112&#101&#114&#111&#114 &#75&#111&#110&#115&#116&#97&#110&#116&#105&#110&#44 &#107&#110&#101&#119&#13&#10&#116&#104&#97&#116 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushrooms were the children of the gods.<br> WHO WAS THE FIRST MAGICIAN? A quasi-cannibalistic ritual, the act of eating &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#99&#104&#105&#108&#100&#114&#101&#110 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#103&#111&#100&#115 unlocked one's &#112&#111&#119&#101&#114 &#116&#111&#13&#10&#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#104&#101 &#116&#114&#117&#108&#121 divine. But not all mushrooms enable human beings to enter &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#97&#108&#109 &#111&#102 &#100&#105&#118&#105&#110&#101 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 magic &#112&#111&#119&#101&#114&#13&#10&#114&#101&#115&#105&#100&#101&#115 &#105&#110 &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#111&#115&#101 fungi known as "fool's mushrooms", which were &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#112&#111&#105&#115&#111&#110&#111&#117&#115&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#98&#101&#108&#105&#101&#118&#101&#100 &#116&#111 be the &#115&#112&#97&#119&#110 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#68&#101&#118&#105&#108&#13&#10&#116&#104&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#111&#117&#116 the late &#77&#105&#100&#100&#108&#101 &#65&#103&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#119&#101&#108&#108 into modern times. The New &#87&#111&#114&#108&#100&#58 &#84&#104&#101 &#65&#122&#116&#101&#99&#115 &#105&#110 Mexico referred to a number of &#115&#109&#97&#108&#108&#44 &#105&#110&#99&#111&#110&#115&#112&#105&#99&#117&#111&#117&#115&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#115 &#116&#101&#111&#110&#97&#114&#116&#97&#99&#97&#116&#108&#44 or "flesh of the Gods.<br>" These sacred mushrooms were eaten during the &#99&#111&#117&#114&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#114&#105&#116&#117&#97&#108&#115 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#100&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#99&#116&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 Gods in order to learn about the world &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#114&#101&#97&#108&#109 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#105&#118&#105&#110&#101&#46 These magic mushroom rituals &#116&#104&#111&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#115&#112&#111&#111&#107&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#67&#97&#116&#104&#111&#108&#105&#99&#13&#10&#83&#112&#97&#110&#105&#97&#114&#100&#115&#46 The &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#101&#97&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#99&#111&#109&#109&#111&#110&#108&#121&#13&#10&#116&#104&#111&#117&#103&#104&#116 &#111&#102 as Devil worshippers, were hounded by the Inquisition.<br> Still, all good things survive the tests of time, so the cult &#111&#102 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#13&#10&#101&#97&#116&#101&#114&#115 &#100&#105&#100 not become extinct. &#76&#105&#107&#101 &#109&#121&#99&#101&#108&#105&#97&#13&#10&#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#103&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#117&#108&#116 continued to flourish, and at the proper time in recorded history, &#105&#110 &#49&#57&#53&#55&#44&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 &#102&#114&#117&#105&#116 &#111&#102 the fully grown mushroom re-surfaced to draw &#119&#105&#100&#101&#115&#112&#114&#101&#97&#100 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#99 &#97&#116&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#86&#97&#108&#101&#110&#116&#105&#110&#101&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 Gordon Wasson became the heroes of the modern neo-mycophilic movement. Back to the Old World: The revelations and <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/home_made_magic_mushroom_recipe/growing_magic_mushrooms/" title="Home Made Magic Mushroom Recipe Growing Magic Mushrooms" alt="Home Made Magic Mushroom Recipe Growing Magic Mushrooms" >Home Made Magic Mushroom Recipe Growing Magic Mushrooms</a> insights gained from the use &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#119&#101&#114&#101 &#115&#111 magically wonderful, that our native &#69&#117&#114&#111&#112&#101&#97&#110 &#34&#102&#111&#111&#108&#39&#115 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#45 which were &#103&#101&#110&#101 &#59 &#99&#111&#110&#115&#105&#100&#101&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#101&#100&#105&#98&#108&#101 - had to be recognized &#97&#115 &#99&#108&#111&#115&#101&#108&#121 &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 the magic mushrooms of Mexico, the flesh &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#65&#122&#116&#101&#99&#13&#10&#71&#111&#100&#115&#46 &#84&#104&#101 souls of magic &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#105&#110 &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#13&#10&#97&#110&#100 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121 are essentially &#109&#97&#100&#101 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#97&#109&#101&#13&#10&#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#58 psilocybin. Jochen Gartz has Magic Shrooms New Zealand made an extraordinary contribution to the field of mycology &#98&#121 &#101&#109&#98&#114&#97&#99&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#39&#115 &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 and the scientific study &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#101&#115&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#115&#101 fungi.<br> magic buy in buy mushrooms The research efforts &#117&#112&#111&#110 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#98&#111&#111&#107 &#105&#115 based require nothing less than a fearless, brave and courageous consciousness, free of prejudice and mycophobia. &#73&#13&#10&#97&#109 &#99&#111&#110&#118&#105&#110&#99&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#97 researcher's &#99&#111&#110&#115&#99&#105&#111&#117&#115&#110&#101&#115&#115&#13&#10&#105&#110&#102&#117&#115&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#105&#114&#105&#116 of the &#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#99&#97&#112&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#111&#102 far deeper scientific insights than we can ever expect from the usual ivory tower academics, &#105&#115&#111&#108&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#114&#101&#97&#108&#105&#116&#121 </p> <p align="left"> &#84&#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#114&#101 &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#110 1 &#100&#111&#122&#101&#110 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#111&#102 &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 mushrooms" in Australia &#97&#110&#100 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#46 &#70&#111&#117&#114 of these species are dung (manure) inhabiting mushrooms.<br> They include Psilocybe cubensis <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/keepingcyanescenmyceliumaliveoncardboard.shtml" title="Keepingcyanescenmyceliumaliveoncardboard" alt="Keepingcyanescenmyceliumaliveoncardboard" >Keepingcyanescenmyceliumaliveoncardboard</a> and/or Psilocybe subcubensis (known locally as "gold caps" and/or "gold &#116&#111&#112&#115&#34&#41&#44 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#117&#98&#97&#101&#114&#117&#103&#105&#110&#111&#115&#97&#44 &#97&#110&#100 Copelandia cyanescens (the latter is known locally as "blue &#109&#101&#97&#110&#105&#101&#115&#34&#41&#46 &#84&#104&#101&#115&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#114 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 &#99&#111&#110&#116&#97&#105&#110 the mind altering alkaloids <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/findingbluemeaniesQLD.shtml" title="Findingbluemeaniesqld" alt="Findingbluemeaniesqld" >Findingbluemeaniesqld</a> psilocybine &#97&#110&#100 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#105&#110&#101 <b>psilocybian manure</b> &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#114&#101 the most common hallucinogenic mushrooms in &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#46 &#73&#110 &#78&#101&#119 &#90&#101&#97&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 the most commonly used species are &#67&#111&#112&#101&#108&#97&#110&#100&#105&#97 &#99&#121&#97&#110&#101&#115&#99&#101&#110&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 semilanceata, the latter species is recognized &#116&#104&#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#111&#117&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#119&#111&#114&#108&#100 &#97&#115 the &#34&#108&#105&#98&#101&#114&#116&#121 &#99&#97&#112&#34&#41&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 <H3>psilocybian manure</H3> &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115 only occurs in manured soil and does not grow &#100&#105&#114&#101&#99&#116&#108&#121 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#117&#110&#103 of cattle, sheep or other four legged farm animals. Psilocybe &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#111&#115&#116 &#112&#111&#112&#117&#108&#97&#114 of these &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#105&#115 &#119&#101&#108&#108 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 throughout much of the world; however, this species &#105&#115 &#110&#111&#116 &#107&#110&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 in New Zealand. Other species described &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#103&#117&#105&#100&#101 &#97&#114&#101 known to occur in manured soil, in pastures, meadows, grazing lands, some lawns and in the &#98&#97&#114&#107 &#109&#117&#108&#99&#104 &#97&#110&#100 &#119&#111&#111&#100&#99&#104&#105&#112&#115 <i>psilocybian manure</i> &#111&#102 deciduous woods. </p> The majority of adverse physical effects or negative psychological reactions produced by "magic mushrooms" generally result from inappropriate set and expectation, &#111&#114 &#98&#101&#99&#97&#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#105&#109&#112&#114&#111&#112&#101&#114 dosage, which may vary considerably among consumers, different &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#111&#114 &#101&#118&#101&#110 within an individual species.<br> The question of dosage is &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#99&#111&#110&#102&#117&#115&#101&#100 &#98&#121 &#116&#104&#101 variation in &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#111&#117&#114&#99&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 hallucinogenic mushroom species which is consumed. For example, Psilocybe cubensis, when picked and eaten from its natural dung &#40&#109&#97&#110&#117&#114&#101&#41 &#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#44 &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101&#115 &#97 relatively mild mindaltering experience, &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#105&#115 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116 &#102&#114&#111&#109 the large &#97&#109&#111&#117&#110&#116&#115 &#111&#102 &#102&#114&#101&#115&#104 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 needed to &#97&#99&#104&#105&#101&#118&#101 &#97 &#116&#104&#114&#101&#115&#104&#111&#108&#100 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#46 However when &#103&#114&#111&#119&#110 <b>growing psilocybe cubensis indoors using news paper</b> &#105&#110 &#118&#105&#116&#114&#111 &#40&#105&#110&#100&#111&#111&#114 laboratory cultivation and/or illicit &#99&#117&#108&#116&#105&#118&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#41&#44 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#99&#117&#98&#101&#110&#115&#105&#115 &#97&#112&#112&#97&#114&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 can produce a &#109&#111&#114&#101 &#112&#111&#116&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#116&#114&#97&#105&#110 &#99&#97&#112&#97&#98&#108&#101 of inducing &#97 &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#110&#115&#101 &#118&#105&#115&#117&#97&#108&#44 &#115&#111&#109&#101&#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 quite disturbing, &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#101&#110&#99&#101&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#100&#111&#115&#97&#103&#101 &#97&#115&#115&#117&#109&#101&#115 that the &#99&#111&#110&#115&#117&#109&#112&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#49 &#116&#111 &#51 gm of &#100&#114&#105&#101&#100 &#109&#97&#116&#101&#114&#105&#97&#108 &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101 too low if the &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110 &#99&#97&#109&#101 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#97 wild &#115&#111&#117&#114&#99&#101&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#108&#111&#119 &#112&#111&#116&#101&#110&#99&#121 for Psilocybe cubensis has been confirmed by research scientists Margot &#38&#97&#109&#112&#59 &#87&#97&#116&#108&#105&#110&#103&#44 &#40&#49&#57&#56&#49&#41&#44 &#119&#104&#111 were surprised by the comparatively small amounts of &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#105&#110 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 they extracted from wild &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#109&#101&#110&#115 &#99&#111&#108&#108&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#102&#105&#118&#101 different locations &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97&#46 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#115&#117&#103&#103&#101&#115&#116&#115 that a much <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/bohemicaspores.shtml" title="Bohemicaspores" alt="Bohemicaspores" >Bohemicaspores</a> larger dose &#119&#111&#117&#108&#100 &#98&#101 &#114&#101&#113&#117&#105&#114&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#111&#100&#117&#99&#101 significant hallucinations. It is possible &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#104&#101&#109&#105&#99&#97&#108&#115 &#109&#111&#115&#116 likely degenerated between &#116&#104&#101 &#116&#105&#109&#101 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101&#121 were harvested and the time of analysis. However, it should be noted that a strain of Psilocybe cubensis producing different &#102&#108&#117&#115&#104&#101&#115 &#40&#104&#97&#114&#118&#101&#115&#116&#115&#41 &#119&#105&#108&#108 &#118&#97&#114&#121 somewhat &#105&#110 &#112&#111&#116&#101&#110&#99&#121 &#98&#101&#116&#119&#101&#101&#110 &#102&#108&#117&#115&#104&#101&#115&#46 <H2>Copelandia Cyanescens Spores</H2> <i>Copelandia Cyanescens Spores</i> <div align="left"> Those who ingest <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/identify_copelandia.shtml" title="Copelandia Identify" alt="Copelandia Identify" >Copelandia Identify</a> <i>Brooms</i> Copelandia cyanescens, known <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/azurescenssyringe.shtml" title="Azurescenssyringe" alt="Azurescenssyringe" >Azurescenssyringe</a> in </div> Mind-altering (psilocybine containing) mushrooms have been traditionally used in religious healing and curing ceremonies by native INTRODUCTION Mind-altering (psilocybine containing) mushrooms have been traditionally used in religious healing and curing ceremonies by native peoples in Mesoamerica for more than 3,000 years. Today, the recreational use of hallucinogenic fungi by Westerners is widespread, especially in various regions of the United States, Canada, Mexico, Caribbean, Great Britain, Europe (especially in the Netherlands), Scandinavia, South America, Southeast Asia, India, Bali, Samoa; Australia and New Zealand. The modern, non-traditional use of hallucinogenic mushrooms has been stimulated, by media reports in newspapers, magazines, word-of-mouth communication, the World Wide Web and Internet, and also by the scholarly and popular journal publications of the renown ethnomycologist R. Gordon Wasson, (Harvard psychologist Timothy Leary, traveler Jeremy Sanford, health guru Andrew Weil, and others (see Allen , Merlin &Jansen, 1991).This field guide reviews the history of both the accidental and purposeful use of psychoactive mushrooms in Australia and New Zealand. Information in this guide has been gathered from personal experiences in Australia by the author and from reports in the scientific literature, news items appearing in the popular press, and personal communications with Australian and New Zealand (NZ) professionals (Unsigned 1970; O'Neill, 1986). <br /> </p> <h2>photos psilocybe mairei</h2> <p> In addition, many early users of &#34&#109&#97&#103&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115&#34 &#105&#110 &#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#97&#108&#105&#97 may have first &#98&#101&#99&#111&#109&#101 &#97&#119&#97&#114&#101 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114 mind-altering &#97&#110&#100 &#118&#105&#115&#105&#111&#110&#97&#114&#121 &#101&#102&#102&#101&#99&#116&#115 &#98&#121 &#114&#101&#97&#100&#105&#110&#103 the published literature or &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#110&#121 &#110&#101&#119&#115 &#105&#116&#101&#109&#115 appearing in the popular Australian &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115 &#100&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#97&#116&#101 l960's and early l970's. These news items often described both accidental &#97&#110&#100 &#100&#101&#108&#105&#98&#101&#114&#97&#116&#101 &#105&#110&#116&#111&#120&#105&#99&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#39&#115 &#119&#104&#105&#99&#104 &#114&#101&#115&#117&#108&#116&#101&#100 from the ingestion of several varieties of "magic mushrooms". For example, in 1972, one local newspaper report provided &#97&#110 &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/magic_mushies_feilds_australia.shtml" title="Magic Mushies Feilds Mushies" alt="Magic Mushies Feilds Mushies" >Magic Mushies Feilds Mushies</a> &#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#117&#115&#101 of these mushrooms by young teenagers at a local high school in Brisbane: "...children at a suburban school are getting high on mushrooms &#99&#97&#108&#108&#101&#100 &#39&#71&#111&#108&#100 &#84&#111&#112&#115&#46&#39 &#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 are common along the Brisbane River &#110&#101&#97&#114 &#84&#111&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#72&#105&#103&#104 &#83&#99&#104&#111&#111&#108&#44 and children in search of &#96&#107&#105&#99&#107&#115&#39 &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#101&#120&#112&#101&#114&#105&#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#110&#103 with them (Unsigned, 1972)." It would be &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#111&#98&#118&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#116&#111 &#97&#110&#121&#111&#110&#101 &#119&#104&#111 read &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#97&#98&#111&#118&#101 &#109&#101&#110&#116&#105&#111&#110&#101&#100 &#110&#101&#119&#115 &#105&#116&#101&#109&#44 &#119&#104&#101&#110 it appeared in print, that those searching for hallucinogenic mushrooms would &#98&#101 &#97&#98&#108&#101 &#116&#111 &#102&#105&#110&#100 them if they so desired. There is yet another &#102&#97&#99&#116&#111&#114 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#109&#97&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 played a significant role &#105&#110 &#112&#114&#111&#109&#111&#116&#105&#110&#103 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#101&#115&#116 &#105&#110 the &#117&#115&#101 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#121&#99&#104&#111&#97&#99&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 in Australia and NZ. Some drug users or mycophillic individuals may &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#114&#101&#97&#100 &#111&#114 &#104&#101&#97&#114&#100 of R. Gordon Wasson's personal &#97&#99&#99&#111&#117&#110&#116 &#111&#102 &#104&#105&#115 <b>hawaiian mushrooms horse manure</b> &#97&#100&#118&#101&#110&#116&#117&#114&#111&#117&#115 rediscovery &#111&#102 &#97&#110 &#104&#97&#108&#108&#117&#99&#105&#110&#111&#103&#101&#110&#105&#99 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 cult among &#116&#104&#101 &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99 &#73&#110&#100&#105&#97&#110&#115 &#111&#102 Southern &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111&#46 &#68&#114&#46 &#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 the ceremonial use of certain mushrooms as &#100&#105&#118&#105&#110&#97&#116&#111&#114&#121 &#115&#117&#98&#115&#116&#97&#110&#99&#101&#115 &#97&#109&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 Mazatecs and &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#110&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#112&#101&#111&#112&#108&#101&#115 &#105&#110 Oaxaca, &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#111 &#40&#115&#101&#101 &#87&#97&#115&#115&#111&#110&#44 &#49&#57&#53&#55&#41&#46 This journalistic report of Wasson's research expedition &#97&#112&#112&#101&#97&#114&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#97&#110 &#105&#110&#116&#101&#114&#110&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108 edition of Life Magazine in &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#97&#116&#101 &#108&#57&#53&#48&#39&#115&#44 &#112&#114&#111&#118&#105&#100&#105&#110&#103 many drug users and others with the &#105&#110&#99&#101&#110&#116&#105&#118&#101 &#116&#111 &#115&#101&#101&#107 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/magic_mushrooms_drawing.shtml" title="Magic Mushrooms Drawing" alt="Magic Mushrooms Drawing" >Magic Mushrooms Drawing</a> &#111&#117&#116&#44 find, and eventually experiment with these mushrooms.<br> Those who ingest Copelandia cyanescens, known in The Mazatec Indians, &#119&#104&#111 &#104&#97&#118&#101 <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/liberty_caps_bark.shtml" title="Liberty Caps Bark" alt="Liberty Caps Bark" >Liberty Caps Bark</a> &#97 &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#111&#102 &#117&#115&#105&#110&#103 the mushrooms, inhabit a range of mountains called the &#83&#105&#101&#114&#114&#97 &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99&#97 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#110&#111&#114&#116&#104&#101&#97&#115&#116&#101&#114&#110 corner &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 &#77&#101&#120&#105&#99&#97&#110 &#115&#116&#97&#116&#101 of Oaxaca.<br> &#84&#104&#101 &#115&#104&#97&#109&#97&#110&#115 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#105&#115 &#101&#115&#115&#97&#121 are all natives of the town of Huautla de Jimenez. Properly speaking they are Huautecans; but since the language they speak has been called &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#101&#99 &#97&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101&#121 &#104&#97&#118&#101 been referred to in the previous anthropological literature as Mazatecs, I have &#114&#101&#116&#97&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#110&#97&#109&#101&#44 &#116&#104&#111&#117&#103&#104 strictly speaking, Mazatecs are the <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/psilocybepelliculosaindoorcultivation.shtml" title="Psilocybepelliculosaindoorcultivation" alt="Psilocybepelliculosaindoorcultivation" >Psilocybepelliculosaindoorcultivation</a> inhabitants of the &#118&#105&#108&#108&#97&#103&#101 &#111&#102 &#77&#97&#122&#97&#116&#108&#97&#110 &#105&#110 the same mountains. n the U.S.) contribute to the therapeutic process; they may even be the sole source for future progress. Under these conditions, stereo music also significantly deepened the intensity of the experience. It appears that these kinds of specific experiences may also account for the remarkable success of treating terminal patients with LSD to ease their fears in the face of death and to reduce even the most severe forms of pain. In many such cases, symptoms disappeared entirely, and relief from pain and anxiety that continued even after the drug's acute effects had worn off. A book by S. Grof provides a compassionate analysis of such successful treatments, which serves to underscore the fact that systematic efforts to investigate these particular therapeutic benefits have only just begun. So far, LSD has been the most widely studied substance in terms of easing the suffering of terminally ill patients, as well as dipropyltryptamine (DPT), a synthetic drug structurally similar to psilocybin that is active only when administered by injection. Below, a young woman from Switzerland gives a detailed account of her second mushroom experience. Her first experiment, with Psilocybe cubensis, had already introduced her to the realm of mystical experiences. For her second journey, she used 20 Psilocybe semilanceata mushrooms as part of a group ritual and achieved transcendence. A remarkable feature of her account is that the presence of an experienced guide was needed to realize the full potential of this visionary quest. "1 sat down next to another participant, seeking to connect with others in preparation for my journey. We proceeded to eat the fresh mushrooms. The room grew quiet and lovely music began to play. The mushrooms's effects came on much faster than they did during my first experiment. Twice I tried to establish closer contact with my fellow participant, but he was very nervous, and no source of reassurance for me. I was seeking my spiritual companion, but did not find that person among the present group. I became a figure in a long, white robe, wandering aimlessly among the columns (Greece?), still searching. My gaze lingered briefly on the wall next to the door and I saw faces and figures appear and vanish, but they did not hold my interest. It was hopeless. I continued my aimless roaming, and I was on the material plane, which I wanted to leave - had to leave. Suddenly, I found myself with one of the guides, who wanted to help me. I stared off into the distance, longing to be free of the material plane, but unable to do so. For a long time, I failed to connect with the guide; our two worlds were just too different. Suddenly I sensed that he wasn't able to look at me directly. The path by which to reach me runs through my eyes, because only they are truly alive. I asked him to help me on my way and invited him to look into my eyes. I felt as if all life energy was draining from my bo <p align="center"> a have been reported from the &#102&#111&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#99&#111&#117&#110&#116&#114&#105&#101&#115&#58 &#70&#105&#110&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#78&#111&#114&#119&#97&#121&#44&#13&#10&#83&#119&#101&#100&#101&#110&#44 Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#112&#97&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#85&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#114&#101 are no comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution pattern. Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected relatively tiny species, such as Psilocybe semilanceata, that tend to share their habitats with other, more prominent species. The sarcastic phrase &#34&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#97&#98&#117&#110&#100&#97&#110&#99&#101 &#119&#104&#101&#114&#101&#118&#101&#114 mycologists abound" &#105&#115&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101 to the Psilocybe species. &#80&#114&#105&#111&#114 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#121 of &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#108&#97&#110&#103&#117&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 in &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#44&#13&#10&#115&#104&#114&#111&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#111&#98&#115&#99&#117&#114&#105&#116&#121&#46 To this &#100&#97&#121&#44 &#102&#101&#119&#13&#10&#49&#56&#57&#46 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 Fr. Worthless] The cap is uniformly conic to bell-shaped, with a &#112&#111&#105&#110&#116&#121 &#111&#114 &#111&#98&#116&#117&#115&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#97&#110 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#119&#97&#114&#116&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101 protrusion; initially, caps &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#116&#97&#108&#108&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#97&#110 they are wide, margins are &#98&#101&#110&#116 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#117&#114&#118&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#119&#97&#114&#100&#59 later on, width of cap is 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#13&#10&#105&#115 &#97 &#100&#105&#114&#116&#121&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101&#45&#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 when wet, with translucent striate margins; &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44&#13&#10&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115 ocher or greenish-yellow &#97&#103&#97&#105&#110&#115&#116 &#97&#110 &#111&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108 &#115&#104&#97&#100&#101 &#111&#102 smudgy &#112&#97&#108&#101 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#116&#105&#109&#101&#115 &#115&#111&#109&#101 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104 stains; only the margins are banded &#98&#121 &#97 &#100&#97&#114&#107&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100&#44 &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#121&#13&#10&#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101 around the edge. No stripes or banding &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116 &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 completely dried. &#76&#97&#99&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#97 &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 are &#116&#104&#105&#110&#45&#102&#108&#101&#115&#104&#101&#100&#44 &#98&#97&#108&#100&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 easily separable pellicle that remains &#103&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#110&#111&#117&#115&#45&#115&#116&#105&#99&#107&#121 &#102&#111&#114 &#97 &#108&#111&#110&#103 time, turning shiny when dry.<br> Gills are olive &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 &#112&#117&#114&#112&#108&#101 brown in color, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 white, gill spacing is quite crowded; gill attachment is either roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#101&#100 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109 only, fully detached later on.<br> Spores are elongated to &#101&#108&#108&#105&#112&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#105&#110 &#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#44 &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 and large, measuring 12-16 &#117&#13&#10&#98&#121 &#54&#45&#56&#44&#117&#46 &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114 &#111&#102 spore dust is blackish purple brown. Stem is very slender, almost uniformly thin and &#97&#108&#119&#97&#121&#115 &#116&#119&#105&#115&#116&#101&#100&#44 &#54&#45&#49&#50 &#99&#109 long and 1.<br>25-2 mm thick, yellowish or whitish in color; areas subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky smooth and roughly &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44 &#99&#111&#114&#116&#105&#110&#97&#116&#101 fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which &#105&#115 &#98&#114&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#100 with &#97 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101 &#102&#105&#98&#114&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#111&#114&#100 of wool-like texture.<br> When dry, &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 &#111&#102 &#116&#104&#101 cap is colored pale yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher brown in color, especially towards the bottom.<br> It is odorless and its flavor is &#109&#105&#108&#100&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 August to October, frequently in gregarious clusters, and can be found in pastures and &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#114&#111&#97&#100&#119&#97&#121&#115&#44 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#105&#110&#103 &#111&#110 dung that has undergone complete decomposition. It is not a particularly rare &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#49&#49&#40&#97&#98&#111&#118&#101&#41 &#84&#104&#105&#115 &#101&#120&#99&#101&#108&#108&#101&#110&#116 description of &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#98&#121 &#77&#105&#99&#104&#97&#101&#108 & Schulz (1927) is shown &#104&#101&#114&#101 &#97&#115 &#111&#114&#105&#103&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 in German, with an &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#13&#10&#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 &#115&#112&#97 &#104&#97&#118&#101 been reported from the following countries: &#70&#105&#110&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#78&#111&#114&#119&#97&#121&#44&#13&#10&#83&#119&#101&#100&#101&#110&#44 &#68&#101&#110&#109&#97&#114&#107&#44 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#44 Switzerland, Austria, The &#78&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#66&#101&#108&#103&#105&#117&#109&#44 &#70&#114&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44&#13&#10&#82&#117&#115&#115&#105&#97&#44 &#80&#111&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 the &#102&#111&#114&#109&#101&#114 &#67&#122&#101&#99&#104&#111&#115&#108&#111&#118&#97&#107&#105&#97&#44&#13&#10&#72&#117&#110&#103&#97&#114&#121&#44 &#82&#111&#109&#97&#110&#105&#97&#44 &#83&#99&#111&#116&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 Wales, Italy and Spain. Unfortunately, there are &#110&#111 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#114&#101&#104&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#109&#97&#112&#115 &#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 species's distribution pattern. Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected relatively tiny species, such as Psilocybe &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97&#44 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#116&#101&#110&#100 &#116&#111 share their habitats with other, more prominent species.<br> The sarcastic &#112&#104&#114&#97&#115&#101 &#34&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 in abundance wherever mycologists &#97&#98&#111&#117&#110&#100&#34 &#105&#115&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 reference to the Psilocybe species. Prior to the discovery &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#103&#101&#110&#117&#115 &#108&#97&#110&#103&#117&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 in the literature, shrouded &#105&#110 &#111&#98&#115&#99&#117&#114&#105&#116&#121&#46 &#84&#111 &#116&#104&#105&#115 day, few 189. &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 &#70&#114&#46 &#87&#111&#114&#116&#104&#108&#101&#115&#115&#93&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 cap is uniformly &#99&#111&#110&#105&#99 &#116&#111 &#98&#101&#108&#108&#45&#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#100&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 a pointy or obtuse &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114 &#102&#111&#114&#109&#105&#110&#103&#13&#10&#97&#110 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#119&#97&#114&#116&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101 protrusion; initially, caps &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 &#116&#97&#108&#108&#101&#114 &#116&#104&#97&#110 &#116&#104&#101&#121 are wide, margins are bent and curved inward; later on, width of &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#49&#46&#53&#45&#52 &#99&#109&#46 &#72&#121&#103&#114&#111&#112&#104&#97&#110&#111&#117&#115&#59 coloration is a dirtyish olive-brown when wet, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#117&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#116&#101 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#59 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 center, coloration is ocher or greenish-yellow against an overall shade &#111&#102 &#115&#109&#117&#100&#103&#121 &#112&#97&#108&#101 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 and oftentimes some greenish stains; only the margins are banded by a darkcolored, watery stripe around the edge. &#78&#111 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101&#115 &#111&#114 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 evident when mushrooms are completely dried. Lacking a &#118&#101&#105&#108&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#110&#45&#102&#108&#101&#115&#104&#101&#100&#44 bald, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 &#115&#101&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 pellicle that remains gelatinous-sticky for a long time, turning shiny when dry. Gills &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 blackish purple brown in &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#115 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 white, gill spacing is quite crowded; gill attachment is either roughly linear or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 &#109&#109 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#59 &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#101&#100 &#97&#116 the stem only, fully detached later on. Spores are elongated &#116&#111 &#101&#108&#108&#105&#112&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 &#105&#110 &#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#44 &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 and large, measuring 12-16 u by 6-8,u.<br> Color &#111&#102 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#100&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#115 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 purple &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110&#46&#13&#10&#83&#116&#101&#109 &#105&#115 &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#115&#108&#101&#110&#100&#101&#114&#44 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 uniformly thin and always twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm &#116&#104&#105&#99&#107&#44 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#115&#104 &#111&#114 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#105&#115&#104 in color; areas subjected to pressure develop bluishgreen stains. Stems are silky &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#97&#116 the center, cortinate fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which is &#98&#114&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104 a white fibrous cord of &#119&#111&#111&#108&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#116&#101&#120&#116&#117&#114&#101&#46&#13&#10&#87&#104&#101&#110 &#100&#114&#121&#44 &#116&#104&#101 &#102&#108&#101&#115&#104 of the cap is colored pale yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher brown in &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#116&#111&#119&#97&#114&#100&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#111&#116&#116&#111&#109&#46 It is odorless and its flavor <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/Semilanceataromania.shtml" title="Semilanceataromania" alt="Semilanceataromania" >Semilanceataromania</a> is mild. The mushroom grows &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#65&#117&#103&#117&#115&#116 &#116&#111 &#79&#99&#116&#111&#98&#101&#114&#44 frequently in gregarious clusters, and can be &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#105&#110 &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 along roadways, growing on &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#104&#97&#115 &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#103&#111&#110&#101 complete decomposition. It is not a &#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#114&#97&#114&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46&#13&#10&#70&#105&#103&#117&#114&#101 &#49&#49&#40&#97&#98&#111&#118&#101&#41 This excellent description of Psilocybe semilanceata by Michael &#38 &#83&#99&#104&#117&#108&#122&#13&#10&#40&#49&#57&#50&#55&#41 &#105&#115 &#115&#104&#111&#119&#110 here as &#111&#114&#105&#103&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 an English translation. Mycologists spa &#104&#97&#118&#101 &#98&#101&#101&#110 &#114&#101&#112&#111&#114&#116&#101&#100 &#102&#114&#111&#109&#13&#10&#116&#104&#101 following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, &#68&#101&#110&#109&#97&#114&#107&#44 &#71&#101&#114&#109&#97&#110&#121&#44 &#83&#119&#105&#116&#122&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44&#13&#10&#65&#117&#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#44 &#84&#104&#101 Netherlands, Belgium, France, Russia, Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, &#69&#110&#103&#108&#97&#110&#100&#44 &#87&#97&#108&#101&#115&#44&#13&#10&#73&#116&#97&#108&#121 &#97&#110&#100 &#83&#112&#97&#105&#110&#46&#13&#10&#85&#110&#102&#111&#114&#116&#117&#110&#97&#116&#101&#108&#121&#44 there are no &#99&#111&#109&#112&#114&#101&#104&#101&#110&#115&#105&#118&#101&#13&#10&#109&#97&#112&#115 &#100&#101&#116&#97&#105&#108&#105&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#39&#115&#13&#10&#100&#105&#115&#116&#114&#105&#98&#117&#116&#105&#111&#110 pattern.<br> Traditionally, mycologists have often neglected relatively &#116&#105&#110&#121 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#115 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 semilanceata, that tend &#116&#111 &#115&#104&#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114&#13&#10&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#111&#116&#104&#101&#114&#44 &#109&#111&#114&#101 prominent species. The sarcastic phrase "The mushrooms occur in abundance wherever mycologists abound" is particularly pertinent in reference to the &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101&#13&#10&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#46 &#80&#114&#105&#111&#114 &#116&#111 &#116&#104&#101 discovery of psilocybin, the Psilocybe genus &#108&#97&#110&#103&#117&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#116&#104&#101 &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#44&#13&#10&#115&#104&#114&#111&#117&#100&#101&#100 in obscurity. To this &#100&#97&#121&#44 &#102&#101&#119&#13&#10&#49&#56&#57&#46 &#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 &#115&#101&#109&#105&#108&#97&#110&#99&#101&#97&#116&#97 Fr. &#91&#87&#111&#114&#116&#104&#108&#101&#115&#115&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#99&#111&#110&#105&#99 to bell-shaped, with a pointy or obtuse center forming an almost wart-like protrusion; &#105&#110&#105&#116&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 taller than they are wide, margins are bent and curved inward; later on, width of cap &#105&#115 &#49&#46&#53&#45&#52 &#99&#109&#46 &#72&#121&#103&#114&#111&#112&#104&#97&#110&#111&#117&#115&#59 coloration is a dirtyish olive-brown &#119&#104&#101&#110 &#119&#101&#116&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#117&#99&#101&#110&#116 striate margins; at the center, coloration is ocher or greenish-yellow against an overall &#115&#104&#97&#100&#101 &#111&#102 &#115&#109&#117&#100&#103&#121 &#112&#97&#108&#101 yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; &#111&#110&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#101 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115 &#97&#114&#101 banded by &#97 &#100&#97&#114&#107&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#101&#100&#44 &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#121&#13&#10&#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 the edge. No stripes or banding evident when mushrooms &#97&#114&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#108&#121&#13&#10&#100&#114&#105&#101&#100&#46 &#76&#97&#99&#107&#105&#110&#103 &#97 veil, &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#110&#45&#102&#108&#101&#115&#104&#101&#100&#44 &#98&#97&#108&#100&#44 with &#97&#110 &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 &#115&#101&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#112&#101&#108&#108&#105&#99&#108&#101 that remains gelatinous-sticky for a long &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 &#116&#117&#114&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#115&#104&#105&#110&#121 &#119&#104&#101&#110 dry.<br> Gills are &#111&#108&#105&#118&#101 &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#116&#111 &#98&#108&#97&#99&#107&#105&#115&#104 purple &#98&#114&#111&#119&#110 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 the edges &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101&#44 &#103&#105&#108&#108 &#115&#112&#97&#99&#105&#110&#103 is quite crowded; gill attachment is either roughly linear or mostly &#97&#100&#110&#101&#120&#101&#100&#59 &#117&#112 &#116&#111 &#51&#46&#53 mm wide; &#97&#116&#116&#97&#99&#104&#101&#100 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#115&#116&#101&#109 &#111&#110&#108&#121&#44 fully detached later on. Spores &#97&#114&#101 &#101&#108&#111&#110&#103&#97&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#101&#108&#108&#105&#112&#105&#116&#105&#99&#97&#108 in shape, smooth and large, measuring 12-16 u by 6-8,u. Color &#111&#102 &#115&#112&#111&#114&#101 &#100&#117&#115&#116 &#105&#115 blackish purple brown.<br> Stem is &#118&#101&#114&#121 &#115&#108&#101&#110&#100&#101&#114&#44 &#97&#108&#109&#111&#115&#116 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 thin and always twisted, 6-12 cm long &#97&#110&#100&#13&#10&#49&#46&#50&#53&#45&#50 &#109&#109 &#116&#104&#105&#99&#107&#44 &#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119&#105&#115&#104 or whitish in color; areas subjected to pressure &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 &#98&#108&#117&#105&#115&#104&#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#13&#10&#115&#116&#97&#105&#110&#115&#46 &#83&#116&#101&#109&#115 &#97&#114&#101 silky smooth and &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#97&#116 &#116&#104&#101 &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44 cortinate fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which is brittle and lined with a white fibrous cord of wool-like texture. When dry, the flesh of the cap is colored pale yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher brown in &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#44 &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#116&#111&#119&#97&#114&#100&#115 &#116&#104&#101 bottom.<br> It is odorless &#97&#110&#100 &#105&#116&#115 &#102&#108&#97&#118&#111&#114 &#105&#115 mild. The mushroom &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 &#102&#114&#111&#109 &#65&#117&#103&#117&#115&#116 &#116&#111 October, frequently in &#103&#114&#101&#103&#97&#114&#105&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#108&#117&#115&#116&#101&#114&#115&#44 &#97&#110&#100 &#99&#97&#110&#13&#10&#98&#101 &#102&#111&#117&#110&#100 in pastures and along roadways, growing &#111&#110 &#100&#117&#110&#103 &#116&#104&#97&#116 &#104&#97&#115 undergone &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#99&#111&#109&#112&#111&#115&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#73&#116 &#105&#115 &#110&#111&#116 a particularly rare species. Figure 11(above) This excellent description of Psilocybe semilanceata by Michael &#38 &#83&#99&#104&#117&#108&#122&#13&#10&#40&#49&#57&#50&#55&#41 &#105&#115 &#115&#104&#111&#119&#110 here &#97&#115 &#111&#114&#105&#103&#105&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#112&#117&#98&#108&#105&#115&#104&#101&#100 &#105&#110 German, with an English translation. Mycologists spa have been reported from the following countries: Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, &#84&#104&#101 &#78&#101&#116&#104&#101&#114&#108&#97&#110&#100&#115&#44 &#66&#101&#108&#103&#105&#117&#109&#44 &#70&#114&#97&#110&#99&#101&#44&#13&#10&#82&#117&#115&#115&#105&#97&#44 Poland, the former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Scotland, England, Wales, Italy and Spain.<br> Unfortunately, there are no comprehensive maps detailing the species's distribution &#112&#97&#116&#116&#101&#114&#110&#46 &#84&#114&#97&#100&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#97&#108&#108&#121&#44 &#109&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115&#13&#10&#104&#97&#118&#101 &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110 neglected &#114&#101&#108&#97&#116&#105&#118&#101&#108&#121 &#116&#105&#110&#121 &#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#101&#115&#44 &#115&#117&#99&#104&#13&#10&#97&#115 Psilocybe semilanceata, that tend &#116&#111 &#115&#104&#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#101&#105&#114&#13&#10&#104&#97&#98&#105&#116&#97&#116&#115 &#119&#105&#116&#104 other, more prominent species. The sarcastic &#112&#104&#114&#97&#115&#101 &#34&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109&#115 &#111&#99&#99&#117&#114 &#105&#110&#13&#10&#97&#98&#117&#110&#100&#97&#110&#99&#101 wherever mycologists abound" &#105&#115&#13&#10&#112&#97&#114&#116&#105&#99&#117&#108&#97&#114&#108&#121 &#112&#101&#114&#116&#105&#110&#101&#110&#116 &#105&#110 &#114&#101&#102&#101&#114&#101&#110&#99&#101 &#116&#111 the Psilocybe species.<br> Prior to the &#100&#105&#115&#99&#111&#118&#101&#114&#121 &#111&#102 &#112&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#105&#110&#44 &#116&#104&#101&#13&#10&#80&#115&#105&#108&#111&#99&#121&#98&#101 genus languished in the &#108&#105&#116&#101&#114&#97&#116&#117&#114&#101&#44&#13&#10&#115&#104&#114&#111&#117&#100&#101&#100 &#105&#110 &#111&#98&#115&#99&#117&#114&#105&#116&#121&#46 &#84&#111 this day, few 189. Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. &#87&#111&#114&#116&#104&#108&#101&#115&#115&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#99&#97&#112 &#105&#115 &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 conic &#116&#111 &#98&#101&#108&#108&#45&#115&#104&#97&#112&#101&#100&#44 &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97 pointy or obtuse center forming an almost wart-like protrusion; initially, caps are often taller than they &#97&#114&#101 &#119&#105&#100&#101&#44 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#13&#10&#97&#114&#101 &#98&#101&#110&#116 and &#99&#117&#114&#118&#101&#100 &#105&#110&#119&#97&#114&#100&#59 &#108&#97&#116&#101&#114 &#111&#110&#44 width of cap is 1.5-4 cm. Hygrophanous; coloration is a dirtyish olive-brown when wet, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#117&#99&#101&#110&#116 &#115&#116&#114&#105&#97&#116&#101 &#109&#97&#114&#103&#105&#110&#115&#59 at the &#99&#101&#110&#116&#101&#114&#44&#13&#10&#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110 &#105&#115 &#111&#99&#104&#101&#114 &#111&#114 &#103&#114&#101&#101&#110&#105&#115&#104&#45&#121&#101&#108&#108&#111&#119 against &#97&#110 &#111&#118&#101&#114&#97&#108&#108 &#115&#104&#97&#100&#101 &#111&#102 smudgy pale yellow and oftentimes some greenish stains; only the margins are banded by a darkcolored, &#119&#97&#116&#101&#114&#121&#13&#10&#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101 &#97&#114&#111&#117&#110&#100 &#116&#104&#101 &#101&#100&#103&#101&#46 No &#115&#116&#114&#105&#112&#101&#115 &#111&#114 &#98&#97&#110&#100&#105&#110&#103 &#101&#118&#105&#100&#101&#110&#116 when mushrooms are completely dried. Lacking a veil, &#99&#97&#112&#115 &#97&#114&#101 &#116&#104&#105&#110&#45&#102&#108&#101&#115&#104&#101&#100&#44 &#98&#97&#108&#100&#44 with &#97&#110 &#101&#97&#115&#105&#108&#121 &#115&#101&#112&#97&#114&#97&#98&#108&#101 &#112&#101&#108&#108&#105&#99&#108&#101 that remains gelatinous-sticky &#102&#111&#114 &#97 &#108&#111&#110&#103 &#116&#105&#109&#101&#44 turning shiny when dry. Gills are olive brown to blackish purple brown in color, with the edges &#111&#102&#116&#101&#110&#13&#10&#114&#101&#109&#97&#105&#110&#105&#110&#103 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#101&#44 &#103&#105&#108&#108 &#115&#112&#97&#99&#105&#110&#103 is quite crowded; gill attachment &#105&#115 &#101&#105&#116&#104&#101&#114 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#97&#114 or mostly adnexed; up to 3.5 mm wide; attached at the stem only, fully detached later on.<br> Spores are elongated to ellipitical in shape, &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#97&#114&#103&#101&#44 &#109&#101&#97&#115&#117&#114&#105&#110&#103 12-16 &#117&#13&#10&#98&#121 &#54&#45&#56&#44&#117&#46 &#67&#111&#108&#111&#114 &#111&#102 spore dust is blackish purple <a href="http://easymushrooms.com/Semilanceataromania.shtml" title="Semilanceataromania" alt="Semilanceataromania" >Semilanceataromania</a> brown.<br> Stem is very slender, almost &#117&#110&#105&#102&#111&#114&#109&#108&#121 &#116&#104&#105&#110 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#119&#97&#121&#115 twisted, 6-12 cm long and 1.25-2 mm thick, yellowish &#111&#114 &#119&#104&#105&#116&#105&#115&#104 &#105&#110 &#99&#111&#108&#111&#114&#59 areas &#115&#117&#98&#106&#101&#99&#116&#101&#100 &#116&#111 &#112&#114&#101&#115&#115&#117&#114&#101 &#100&#101&#118&#101&#108&#111&#112 bluishgreen stains. Stems are &#115&#105&#108&#107&#121 &#115&#109&#111&#111&#116&#104 &#97&#110&#100 &#114&#111&#117&#103&#104&#108&#121 at the center, cortinate fibrils appear like remnants of a veil, which is &#98&#114&#105&#116&#116&#108&#101 &#97&#110&#100 &#108&#105&#110&#101&#100 &#119&#105&#116&#104 a white &#102&#105&#98&#114&#111&#117&#115 &#99&#111&#114&#100 &#111&#102 &#119&#111&#111&#108&#45&#108&#105&#107&#101&#13&#10&#116&#101&#120&#116&#117&#114&#101&#46&#13&#10&#87&#104&#101&#110 dry, the flesh of the cap is colored pale yellow, while the stem's flesh is ocher brown in color, &#101&#115&#112&#101&#99&#105&#97&#108&#108&#121 &#116&#111&#119&#97&#114&#100&#115 &#116&#104&#101 &#98&#111&#116&#116&#111&#109&#46 It is odorless and its flavor &#105&#115 &#109&#105&#108&#100&#46&#13&#10&#84&#104&#101 &#109&#117&#115&#104&#114&#111&#111&#109 &#103&#114&#111&#119&#115 from &#65&#117&#103&#117&#115&#116 &#116&#111 &#79&#99&#116&#111&#98&#101&#114&#44 &#102&#114&#101&#113&#117&#101&#110&#116&#108&#121 in gregarious clusters, and can be found in &#112&#97&#115&#116&#117&#114&#101&#115 &#97&#110&#100 &#97&#108&#111&#110&#103 &#114&#111&#97&#100&#119&#97&#121&#115&#44 growing on dung that &#104&#97&#115 &#117&#110&#100&#101&#114&#103&#111&#110&#101 &#99&#111&#109&#112&#108&#101&#116&#101&#13&#10&#100&#101&#99&#111&#109&#112&#111&#115&#105&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46 &#73&#116 is not a particularly rare species.<br> Figure 11(above) This excellent description of Psilocybe semilanceata by Michael & Schulz (1927) is shown here as originally published in German, &#119&#105&#116&#104 &#97&#110 &#69&#110&#103&#108&#105&#115&#104 &#116&#114&#97&#110&#115&#108&#97&#116&#105&#111&#110&#46&#13&#10&#13&#10&#77&#121&#99&#111&#108&#111&#103&#105&#115&#116&#115 sp </p> and familiarity with psychotropic mushrooms in Europe that is most likely derived from usage of Psilocybes and related species, rather than experience with Amanita muscaria. However, it is extremely difficult to reject or confirm this hypothesis, due to the lack of conclusive data available for analysis today. Bwyd Ellylon: A Feast of Fairies in Celebration of the Spirit World Tales of ritualistic mushroom usage have found their way into the realm of myths and legends. For instance, one legend describes a peculiar poisonous mushroom in Wales (British Isles) with the strange name of Bwyd Ellylon, which was considered a delicacy by fairies feasting in celebration of the spirit world. Psilocybe semilanceata is the most important psilocybincontaining mushroom in Europe and it thrives in parts of Great Britain, where the mushroom grows abundantly all across the Welsh countryside during fall season. I would like to thank G. Samorini for pointing out that the Inquisition was unusually cruel and vicious in the Alpine valleys of Valcamonica, Valtrompia and Valtellina (located in the provinces of Brescia and Sandrio in Northern Italy). Many books chronicle countless witch burnings in that region, with particular emphasis on the witches' meetings at the "Monte del Tonale", located at an altitude of 2000 m (ca. 6,000 ft). Field research has shown that plants of the nightshade family ("witching herbs") do not grow at this altitude; even the fly agaric mushroom is rarely found there. By contrast, pastures in the area abound with Psilocybe semilanceata during the fall. Given this historical context, it would seem likely that Psilocybe semilanceata played an important role as a psychotropic agent in the region (see Figure 58, Chapter 7.4). In light of medieval accounts describing the practice of witchcraft, it is interesting to note that a subjective sensation of flying or levitation is among the commonly reported effects of psilocybin intoxication. Berserk Rage of Nordic Warriors In the course of the ideological power struggle between Christianity and the remnants of pagan religions that worshipped Nature, many sources of knowledge were lost. The aggressive repression and eradication of pre-Christian customs all but destroyed the continuity of Europe's original cultural heritage, along with much historic evidence documenting early cultural practices, including the usage of plants and mushrooms for the purpose of temporary alterations of consciousness. Some authors went so far as to blame the fly agaric mushroom for proverbial fits of "berserk rage" attributed to Nordic warriors. Many accounts detailing this phenomenon allude to a "deception of the eyes" (i.e. visual hallucinations). After the Nordic legal system banished the practice of "going berserk", it disappeared quite suddenly during the 12th century. 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